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reception introduction • 3 of Whitman had a remarkable impact on the American one.

For example, the first collection dedicated to American litera- ture in Italy, which came out in 1884

simple because they were strong—they were great because they were healthy.”

Another case in this sense is that of the poem “City of Orgies.”

For Walt, through Naturism, even American democracy became an expressive problem.

TheDisenthralledHostsofFreedom” IowaWhitmanSeries EdFolsom,serieseditor university of iowa press ,iowa city

Wilentz shows how “the versions of American republicanism multiplied, as men of different backgrounds

“TheChicagoConvention,”Buffalo(NY)MorningExpress,May16, 1860,p.2,col.1.

:H.Dayton,1860.

“Whitmanin1850:ThreeUncollectedArticles.”American Literature19,no.4(January1948):301–17.

My first impressions, architectural, &c. were not favorable; but upon the whole, the city, the spaces,

Culture (Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 1992), 8. x  The city’s monuments were of special

The possibilities for African American life were unresolved at this time, as were the possibilities for

Washington’s black population tripled by 1870, jumping from 19 percent of the city’s total population

Mapping American Culture. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 1992. French, R. W.

After 1860, Whitman's narrative strategy veers in the opposite direction.

The song satirized the American craze pervading Italy at that time.

The book opens of course with a "Poem of Walt Whitman, an American."

On the whole it sounds to me very brave & American after whatever deductions.

Whereupon we went and had a good dinner at the American House.

In 1963-65 he was an Instructor in Italian Language and Literature at Columbia University, New York City

As his interest in Anglo-American Literature grew, between 1965 and 1990 he taught full courses at Bocconi

concentrating on Puritanism (I Puritani d'America, Cuem, Milan, 1972; enlarged, Aracne, Rome, 2009) and the "American

In 1987-91 he held the chair of American Literature at the University of Messina (Co-editor, with Giuseppe

This essay originates from and summates Corona's previous work on Whitman and on the authors of the American

“I dreamed in a dream of a city where all men were like brothers,” Whitman wrote in the poem that would

invincible”) are now inscribed on the Camden city hall (LG 1860, 373).

On the eve of the American Civil War in the 1860 Leaves of Grass, Whitman is no longer singing an actu

at the time of the founding were be- ginning to tear the American union apart at the seams.

,moreardent,more general,” Whitman presents the 1860 Leaves of Grass as the “New Bible” of the American

As nearly exact contemporaries with roots in NewYork City—both men were born there in 1819—Herman Melville

From then until dawn, a total of sixteen shots were fired on the city, ten of which were incen- diary

The jubilant Afri - can Americans who greeted Lincoln during his daring visit to the city only a day

Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863, 279–288. 13.

In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in NewYork City, 1626–1863.

Emerson and Higginson—Waldo and Wentworth, as they were known to their friends—were two of the most formidable

In the turn the American Puritans then gave to it, these correlations were extended further from innerselftoouterself

When read in relation to their pre-1860 versions, the poet’s later revi- sions of the 1860 poems, in

Press, 1962); Stephen John Mack, PragmaticWhitman: Reimagining American Democ- racy (Iowa City: University

Tompkins, Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860 (NewYork: Oxford University

Not profit-based (though books were also sold), the distribution efforts of the American Bible Society

“American books, the physical objects as well as the texts and ideas, were exported around the globe

Mail and American Citizen (which were generally positive about the poet), the Charleston (S.C.)

See American Institute of the City of New York, Thirty-Second Annual Report of the American Institute

[John Reuben Thompson], “A New American Poem,” Southern Field and Fireside (9 June 1860): 20.

Genocide and disease decimated Native American populations.

He would soon discover, however, that the American public were even less tolerant than their British

Whitman, LG 1860, 342–43. 16. All poems were originally untitled in the 1855 edition.

A disproportionate number of anatomical subjects were African American, Indian, or Irish.

“The Gory New York City Riot That Shaped American Medicine.” The Smithsonian, June 17, 2014. Web.

His texts about nature as an economic and spiritual resource were eagerly embraced by the American middle

The first American wetlands to be protected were Florida’s Everglades (in 1947), after the national park

“The American South.” LeMaster and Kummings 671–72. ———. “‘O Magnet-South’ (1860).”

Emerson, Whitman, and the American Muse.

“Whitman’s Lesson of the City.” Breaking Bounds: Whitman and American Cultural Studies. Eds.

of the City of Brook- lyn for 1856, 1858–1859, and 1859–1860, and the Charter for the City of Brooklyn

[Henry Clapp Jr.], “Walt Whitman and American Art,” SP, June 30, 1860. 43.

“Walt Whitman and American Art,” SP, June 30, 1860. 3.

design decision equivalent to nakedness—in 1860 the poems were titled, and many were arranged into thematic

Kenny, Daniel J.The American Newspaper Directory and Record of the Press for 1860.

City” (1860).

He appointed African Americans to high administrative posts, and during his term blacks were elected

Arguments have been made that “Once I Pass’d through a Populous City”—a key poem that reworks the New

In Ellison’s estimation, the contours of the “Negro American idiom” were to be found everywhere in US

Whitman, “Once I Pass’d Through a Populous City,” in Poetry and Prose, 266; Yusef Komunyakaa, “Praise

Buinicki University of iowa Press iowa city University of Iowa Press, Iowa City 52242 Copyright © 2011

While unity, adhesion, and the bonds that link Americans were themes of Whitman’s poetry before and after

Altogether there were more than thirty peri- odicals which were quoted at 100,000 circulation or over

Whitman’s poetic machinery,” arguing, “Whitman’s memories of the war were also convulsive: they were

It is likely that Whitman and his mother were hearing as many tales of defeat as they were of victory

–61 edition of Leaves of Grass. although the book was published in 1860, Whitman dated it “1860–61” so

________ ( 30 ) IX I dreamed in a dream of a city where all the men were like brothers, o I saw them

They were also taken at a time when greater public re- straints were being placed on the popularand primarily

to city, and land to land across the 46 universe.

“Whitman and the Gay american ethos.”

Were you thinking that those were the words—those upright lines? those curves, angles, dots?

Both were responding to the same problem, even if their reactions were contradictory —or even, arguably

Do you term that perpetual, pistareen, paste-pot work, American art, American drama, taste, verse?

“American History/American Memory: Reevaluating Walt Whitman’s Relationship with the Brooklyn Bridge.

“Poet at Work: Walt Whitman Notebooks 1850s–1860s.” American Memory.

ed.EdwinH.CadyandLouisJ.Budd(Durham,N.C.,1987),273–89at273,283. 2.LeavesofGrass(Boston:ThayerandEldridge,1860

andoneofhisstu- dentsbecamethefirsttoobservespermatozoain1677.Leeuwenhoek’sfamousdraw- ings of sperm were

Emersonwasmusinginhisjournalabout the ways reading and sexual union were intricately and figuratively

“Every hour,”Whitmanknew, was “the semen of centuries” (LG 1860, 226), and America’s hour was now at

“A sprit of my own seminal wet”: Spermatoid Design in Walt Whitman’s 1860 Leaves of Grass

oneofthelastpartsofthebooktobeprepared, thisadvancecopyprobablydidnotreachWhitmanuntilthemonthofpublication,May 1860

Arguably,then,WhitmancouldhavebegunhisannotationsontheBlueBook even before the publication of the 1860

By the 1860 edition, pensive had become a much more prominent word for Whitman, especially in contexts

sdictionaryincludestheItalianpensierosowhentracingtheetymology ofpensive.)Both“L’Allegro”and“IlPenseroso”were

His scholarship focuses on nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American literature, American periodicals

The following list notesotherfeaturesofWhitman’srevisions: Two of the 1860 poems were, in 1867, joined

Two of the 1860 poems survived as unnamed poems in a “Debris” cluster in 1867 and then were dropped.

City of the world!

These adventurers were clearly fools, bolder than they were wise.

In the modern American era there were still Whitmanesque figures such as HowardHughes,largerthanlifepersonalitieswhomultiplied

Whitman was well prepared to produce a poetic tribute to a great American city in 1855.

of Whitman’s Memory : 209 landmark book The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961.

Andrew Jackson, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington—these were names that were now shared by American

American Literature 28 (March 1956): 78–79. Exactly 795 copies of the 1855 Leaves were bound.

In The American Epic: Transforming a Genre, 1770–1860.

Such people were always Americatohim.Doyoubegintoseewhathisword“American”signified?

City.’”

American magazines were few in those days.

City.’

Slicer in your city.

These books were especially popular in small towns and rural areas in the US, but they were read in the

Given that press runs were of over 100,000 copies or more, this had significance.

Despite wartime circumstances, few ASE books were censored.

series with contrasting purposes that were driven by different political ideologies.

history, American culture, and cultures around the world.

Both Knickerbocker and Young American circles were composed of gentle- men and thus closed to Whitman

McWilliams, Jr., The American Epic: Transforming a Genre, 1770–1860, 223, 225. 12.

Even fifty-cent paperback editions of American authors were “out of reach to most working-class readers

City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788–1850, 53–60; Elliott J.

Stansell, City of Women, 91. See also Reynolds, Beneath the American Renaissance, 463. 16.

, there were 146 new poems.

Such images were viewed by many as pornographic in this Victorian era, as were Whitman's images of fathering

in the "Year 85 of The States. / (1860–61)," indicating Whitman's decision to use a new American calendar

The notes go on; some of the types were used; others were not.

for the 1860 edition in 1879.

Making Whitman is available from the Walt Whitman Quarterly Review, 308 EPB, University of Iowa, Iowa City

Intimate Script and the New American Bible: "Calamus" and the Making of the 1860 Chapter 5.

Walt Whitman is thus of the first generation of Americans who were born in the newly formed United States

In Whitman's school, all the students were in the same room, except African Americans, who had to attend

The published versions of his New Orleans poem called "Once I Pass'd Through a Populous City" seem to

But the exotic nature of the Southern city was not without its horrors: slaves were auctioned within

It's so American.

and free copies were given to the American Armed forces during World War II.

Sexual passing is at the heart of the poem eventually entitled "Once I Pass'd through a Populous City

culture, asserting that the real, pure, or true Americans were Anglo-Saxons.

For most of Whitman's career, and the beginning of Wharton's career, the great American authors were

The poems were also affected by Whitman's own physical life.

you thinking that those were the words, those upright lines?

Were you thinking that those were the words, those delicious sounds out of your friends' mouths?

If they had not reference to you in especial what were they then?)

It also recalls Native American ecopoetics.

Letters, as they were gathered and published, were arranged chronologically and assigned numbers.

When new letters were discovered, they were given the number of the preceding letter plus a decimal –

CITY  Mott avenue & 149th street  Station L New York City –I am stopping here till ab’t Aug: 18–(then

in New York City (Corr. 3: 289n). 2.

The plates of the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass, printed by Thayer & Eldridge, were sold to RichardWorthington

We Americans apply too fast.

At the 1992 Whitman Centennial Conference in Iowa City, four senior Whitman scholars were honored as

The lecture was entitled "American Literature and the American Language."

By the time Eliot delivered his address, there were two nineteenth-century American writers whose reputations

Bergland argues, "In American letters, and in the American imagination, Native American ghosts function

And Howard Gillman's insights on American political history and pragmatic philosophy were instrumental

American democratic values and ideals.

were able to translate their ideals into successful public policy.

signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir."

If so, the seeds of doubt were probably latent in Whitman's poetics from the start.

By the time Eliot delivered his address, there were two nineteenth- century American writers whose reputations

In him the hitherto incompatible extremes of the American temperament were 15 fused.”

The possibility of showing the entire American population its own face in the Mirror Screen has at last

In the manuscript, the threat to the city is not mentioned, but rather “all the men were like brothers

He characterizes American landscapes from Canada down to Cuba, rivers and forests, cities and rural areas

Kennedy's differences with Traubel were more intense.

On the Bowery, see Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789–1860 (Urbana: Univ

," American Literary History 6 [winter 1994]: 648).

Modernism," American Quarterly 39 [spring 1987]: 12).

there were several.

Price, first appeared in American Literature 73.3 (2001): 497-524.

Note: Whitman refers here to the three first editions of Leaves (1855, 1856, and 1860), which were written

American City Names One day Walt fulminated about the habit of giving cities Old World names, speaking

were not as really American as we were.

The American Idea of a Good Time WarrieFritzinger’sreportofavisittothebustlingseasideresortAtlantic City

American Sculpture I have seen most of the statutes in Central Park and off through the city there,andmustsayofthem

New York City Chapter 4. Boston, 1860 Chapter 5. Washington, D.C. Chapter 6.

and of these the Irish formed about 45 percent; of the city's total population, 30 percent were Irish

Few realize the Irish were in America before the American Revolution and that many were involved in the

In New York City conditions were no better.

So many of them remained in the city that in 1860 New York was the most Irish city in the United States

There were a few courses in American literature, but they were optional and did not count toward a degree

Whitman was already the "lover of populous pavements, dweller in Mannahatta my city,"84 as he proclaimed

His American friends were also active.

In his papers were found many clippings from the American Phrenological Journal; see CW, X, 75, 86, 89

These accusations were taken up by Frances Winwar in American Giant: Walt Whitman and His Times, but

The two were close for at least eight years. Anne B.

As editor ofthe Aurora, located just four doors from City Hall, he enters into the city's politicalbattles

This marks his return to the city.

Smith in New York City (DN, 1:251). 3 AUGUST.

These gifts were to furnish his home. 16 AUGUST.

version of "Live Oak" differs from Parker's version in the Fourth Edition of The Norton Anthology of American

mentioned it, but he revised the poems slightly and included them among the forty-five poems of the 1860

in Bibliography , and again in slightly altered form in Whitman's Manuscripts: "Leaves of Grass" (1860

My essay first appeared in American Poetry Review months before The Continuing Presence came out, and

Helms himself points the way by saying that the 1860 "Calamus" is "narratively incoherent."

) in the new forty-five poem "Calamus" section of the 1860 .

The ninth poem ("I dreamed in a dream of a city where all the men were like brothers"), consisting of

(among which, revised and reordered, were the "Live Oak" poems).

Martin (Iowa City: Univ. of Iowa Press, 1992), p. 186.

Ed Folsom (Iowa City: Univ. of Iowa Press, 1994), p. 175.

The poetic suitor's advances were welcomed by some Americans, spurned by others, and ignored by most.

After the war's outbreak in April, Georgetown's Union Hotel and the City Infirmary on E Street were commandeered

Sketch of the City Infirmary.

Carver, Cliffburne, Finley, Emory, and Campbell were built as Army barracks but were converted by the

Consequently, the structures were raised off the ground on cedar posts, and the wards were generously

Such approaches to American literature were necessary to offset the earlier perception ofthe nation's

I wish it were not so.

And these names were not said; they were sung in a surge of enthusiasm and adoration.

Americanism.

Many important American poets were completely unknown in Slovenia, but this was not the case with Whitman

By the early 188os, the population exceeded 1 million; by 1900, the city had 2.7 million inhabitants;

As the great democratic ideals of 1848 were forgotten, so was the tem porary interest in the American

Since Schlaf's beginnings in 1892,German Whitman enthusiasts were continu ously constructing the American

What the American public did understand were the sexually explicit passages-and the reaction was one

"anti-American."

They were in the air, in Carlyle's and Emerson's works in particular, and they were not even hers to

body-politic were really a body."

American public health and American national policy.

ultimately an American republic-in which men loving men can live and love and touch openly-a dream city

republic and the American race.

According to the 1860 Richmond city directory, Doyle worked as a blacksmith for Tredegar Iron Works.

The 1860 Population Census for Richmond, enumerated on June 28 of that year, lists Peter Doyle, aged

The Doyle households were within blocks of one another in the city's Southwest section.

Walt and Pete were especially fond of taking long hikes together out of the city.

By the time of Doyle's death in 1907, there were over 1,000 lodges in as many cities.

extraordinary findings (in Studies in Bibliography and then in Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass (1860

enough to include all of them among the forty-five poems of "Calamus" (published in the third Leaves in 1860

even mentioned it, and in his fourth edition of the , two of the three poems dropped from "Calamus" were

give the "Live Oak" poems in their first published form—that is, as they appeared in the third in 1860

Or the vaunted glory and growth of the great city spread around me?

Martin, ed., The Continuing Presence of Walt Whitman: The Life After the Life (Iowa City: University

city.

At every turn in New York, James inscribes a vision of the power of the American city that reinscribes-in

The American Uto pia has become, in this incipient moment of modernism, the Un real City.

EricSavoy : 15 In this particular constellation,The American Scene allegorizes the reading of the city

Mexico City: Edi ciones Studium, 1954. Allen, Gay Wilson. American Prosody.

No other nineteenth-century American authors, with the possible exception ofMark Twain, were so much

If, for instance, by some vast instantaneous con vulsion, American civilization were lost, where is the

cities so far as the native social ele ment, that which distinguishes them as American, was concerned

O'Connor had already made his acquaintance in Boston in 1860, when Thayer and Eldridge were printing

Walt had, in fact, read most of the American poets who were his contemporaries.

that all the rest were well also.

My first impressions, architectural, &c. were not favorable; but upon the whole, the city, the spaces

The whole city was lit up with torches. Cannons were fired all night in various parts ofthe city.

B. first, & then me-say, ifI WERE sick, or WERE poor, why then,-& c. &c. &c.

And would yield my life for this cause with serene joy if it were so appointed, if that were the price

Introduction In July 1855, about the time Americans were again celebrating their indepen dence, an oversized

Indian is also the American poet."

American Literature, 6(1934): 254-63. Canby, Henry Seidel. Walt Whitman-An American.

Frontier: American Literature and the American West. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965.

"Personae in Whitman (1855-1860)." American Transcendental Quarterly, 12(1971):25-32.

These poems therefore were “lyrics” or “art.”

In his History of American Literature, William P.

So much so that a poem in the “Ch. of Adam” Section,” Once I Pass'd through a Populous City,” written

an American man or woman.

Novelists” to state that the War (1917-1918) “terrorized” the Americans, “who thought they were going

. $1.00); the dainty American reissue of George Meredith's subtile sonnet sequence, 'Modern Love" (with

These works of two American and one English poet represent a great deal that is most salient in modern

For if those pre-successes were all—if they ended at that—if nothing more were yielded than so far appears—a

gross materialistic prosperity only—America, tried by subtlest tests, were a failure—has not advanced

Both the cash and the emotional cheer were deep medicines; many paid double or treble price.

printer, carpenter, author, and journalist, domiciled in nearly all the United States and principal cities

of that time, tending the Northern and Southern wounded alike—work'd down South and in Washington city