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Union losses approached 18,000, of whom 2,000 were killed; the Confederate loss probably exceeded 10,000

Wilderness battles, & half of it wrenched off" (Manuscripts of Walt Whitman in the Collection of American

The fire spread quickly to the wooden buildings nearby, all of which were dry as the result of a long

During that time, the fire burned approximately eight city blocks and destroyed about two hundred buildings

in the densely populated area in the vicinity of Fulton and Nassau Streets ("The Doings of a Night,"

March 26th 73 My dear Mother I received your latest letter—I was glad indeed to hear from you—yet exceeding

better than she except our own family and though denied—to the public her company yet they did meet and were

you could not have met—but fate cannot be helped I am feeling pretty well  Have been away from the city

[a] great deal of the time lately—am employed to make a design for water works at Kansas city, and have

A second rate city is liable to objections, as the seat of Government; but a large and first class city

Fifteen houses were burnt—several of them used as stores.

Intercourse is debarred between the city and Quarantine.

to go on this hunt, and three thousand tough fellows could be got together for the purpose, with American

One thing there can be no mistake about; that the timid, malignant, idle and shiftless Mexican population

that Mexico had ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American

cities.

Barnburners and Hunkers were terms used to describe opposing sides of the fracturing Democratic party

The Barnburners held radical anti-slavery views and were willing to destroy banks and corporations to

The Hunkers were pro-government; they favored state banks and minimized the issue of slavery.

Dear Walt this has been and is a heavy blow to me  I was so much with her and we were so in each others

apt to discourage—Dear Walt I hope you will get all right again soon I have had to go to Jefferson City—for

some three or four days—and last week was at Kansas City —.

I have been engaged to make a plan of water works for Kansas City and shall have to go up there again

in eight or ten days Mr Lane came down from Millwaukee to the funeral—I was exceeding glad to see him

Hattie does not mention what arrangements were made for Jessie.

Kansas City, Missouri, was planning a new waterworks at this time.

Jeff may have submitted one of the two propositions the city rejected in the spring of 1873.

The 1840s in American journalism were notorious for the scurrilous manner in which competing editors

American Society of Civil Engineers, 1972), pp. 131-32.

The city's most enthusiastic promoter was L. U.

Louis City Council, 1871).

The demands of the job were great, and Jeff met them well.

Washington September 15 1863 Dear Mother Your letters were very acceptable—one came just as I was putting

the very hour of death or just the same when they recover, or partially recover—I never knew what American

young men were till I have been in the hospitals— Well, mother, I have got writing on—there is nothing

on September 7, 1863, that, as he wrote, orders for his regiment to move to join Burnside's forces were

Most of its members were Irish.

Comprising over half the city's foreign-born population of 400,000, out of a total of about 814,000,

the Irish were the main source of cheap labor, virtually its peon class.

to exist" American Heritage, 10 (June 1959), 48.

We are all glad to see, in this morning's telegraphic account from your city, that agreeable little sentence

deaths are more numerous, in proportion to the cases attached, than in the yellow fever—raged in the city

Clay's letter, declining any countenance to the "enthusiastic whigs" of this city, in their separate

The hearts of the whigs of this city, and most of this State, are devoted to Clay; the early support

Party organs (on both sides) are not reliable, now, as to their statements; because, never before were

summer months in the Southern United States, particularly under humid conditions and in densely populated

cities.

Barnburners and Hunkers were terms used to describe opposing sides of the fracturing Democratic party

The Barnburners held radical anti-slavery views and were willing to destroy banks and corporations to

The Hunkers were pro-government; they favored state banks and minimized the issue of slavery.

Brooklyn April 6, 1860 Box P.O.

my own pleasure at hearing that your "Leaves of Grass," in its next issue, is to eminate from that City

past personal experience and without wishing to intrude myself above my true level I could wish I were

Sammis to Walt Whitman, 6 April 1860

Boston June 14, 1860 Dear Walt, Your favor came duly to hand.

As soon as cooler weather comes and people are crowding the great cities we intend to advertise largely

shall shortly come out with an advertisement to touch the pleasure travellers in all the principal cities

— Meanwhile the Papers are noticing it pretty well—the Scottish American has a very fair notice, and

Yours Truly Thayer & Eldridge Thayer & Eldridge to Walt Whitman, 14 June 1860

was the Boston publishing firm responsible for the third edition of Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (1860

twenty items on Whitman appeared in the Press before the periodical folded (for the first time) in 1860

For the 1860 Leaves of Grass Whitman abandoned the green binding used for the 1855 and 1856 editions.

was a free, sixty-four-page promotional pamphlet published by Thayer and Eldridge to advertise the 1860

See Thayer and Eldridge to Walt Whitman, June 27, 1860.

friend, "Bumble-bees & Bird Music" safe to hand this morning—does me good—makes me feel exactly as if I were

Sea rolling up on broad smooth sands there, but with treacherous reefs just beyond on which there were

And the castle on its wooded height in the very midst—& the great cavern below that runs through the city

Drink is the giant evil of the city as of the north generally—Such a sensible rugged healthy looking

If Per were here he would return your friendly message. Bees best love.

Early in the war, prisoners were treated well.

But by October 1864, the population grew from 5,000 to 10,000, and death rates soared as prisoners began

According to Encyclopedia Virginia , "hundreds and even thousands of prisoners at a time were held in

the dark, grimy warehouses from which they were forbidden even to look out the windows.

The food rations were not terrible by most standards, and the prisoners were allowed to use the unused

Early in the war, prisoners were treated well.

But by October 1864, the population grew from 5,000 to 10,000, and death rates soared as prisoners began

According to Encyclopedia Virginia, "hundreds and even thousands of prisoners at a time were held in

the dark, grimy warehouses from which they were forbidden even to look out the windows.

The food rations were not terrible by most standards, and the prisoners were allowed to use the unused

years past Nassau street, from Wall to Chatham, has been one of the most crowded thoroughfares in the city

considered—though the putting of it in execution has made the dust fly in what was formerly the very heart of the city

For my part, I am astonished that, while they were about it, they did’nt make the street twenty feet

Let your citizens believe me, when I tell them seriously that the city of New Orleans is one of the healthiest

All over our Northern cities great preparations have been made (as is but just) for the complimentary

The Hunkers were pro-government; they favored state banks and minimized the issue of slavery.

Butlerites were political supporters of William Orlando Butler (1791–1880).

The Guelphs, largely from wealthy families, were supporters of the Pope, while the Ghibellines were primarily

Blair and his wife Eliza Violet Gist were the parents of five children.

cities.

You know I have always had a very high opinion of the people of the City of Notions .

The dust is moving in a dense mass through the streets as dust in no other city but NY can move.

Vaughan to Walt Whitman, 21 March 1860

acknowledges receiving replies from Whitman in this letter, and in his letters to Whitman of March 27, 1860

, April 30, 1860, and May 21, 1860.

On February 10, 1860, Whitman received a letter from the Boston publishing firm of Thayer and Eldridge

The Boston, Massachusetts 1860 City Directory lists Edward Morgan of 928 Washington Street as a "driver

was finished by 1860.

Vaughan to Walt Whitman, 9 April 1860

Vaughan worked for the company in 1860.

See the letters from Vaughan to Whitman dated March 21, 1860, and March 27, 1860.

27, 1860, April 30, 1860, and May 21, 1860.

See Vaughan's letter to Whitman of March 21, 1860.

Vaughan reminded Whitman of his promise in his letters to the poet of March 27, 1860 and April 9, 1860

Broadway New York about a year ago bo't bought at auction the electrotype plates (456 pages) of the 1860

by a young firm Thayer & Eldridge under my supervision there and then in Boston, (in the spring of 1860

stored away and nothing further done;—till about a year ago (latter part of 1879) they were put up in

N Y New York city by Leavitt, auctioneer, & bought in by said Worthington.

I wrote back that said plates were worthless, being superseded by a larger & different edition—that I

Worthington bought the plates of the 1860 edition after they had been sold at auction by George A.

Richard Maurice Bucke informed Eldridge that he had lately discovered many copies of the 1860 edition

to be reimbursed: "I expended $9.50 in pursuit of the recalcitrant, pirate Worthington, in New York City

willing to go to law at someone else's expense.Worthington continued to use the plates until they were

World hits the truth of the thing in the following paragraph: It seems to be a solemn engagement the American

Hawks, of your city, is in town. He preached yesterday at St.

Lots of cash changed hands on the occasion; and many were the disconsolate faces....McNulty's trial has

Barnburners and Hunkers were terms used to describe opposing sides of the fracturing Democratic party

The Barnburners held radical anti-slavery views and were willing to destroy banks and corporations to

The Hunkers were pro-government; they favored state banks and minimized the issue of slavery.

Edwin Forrest (1806–1872) was an American stage actor, well known for his Shakespearean roles.

cities.

caused the seizure and detention of certain steamboats; and afterwards, and while such steamboats were

subject to his power as an officer, or supposed to be so subject, and before the actions were brought

agents of said steamboats, to the effect that if they would pay the costs of court, of which they were

paid said sum of money in many instances—while, in fact, the fee allowed him by law could not have exceeded

SALEM, a manufacturing city of 6000 population, is an Excellent Show Town, surrounded by a good country

March 19 th " 1860 Dear Walt, I am sorry I could not see you previous to your departure for Boston.

Vaughan to Walt Whitman, 19 March 1860

It is postmarked: New-York | Mar | 19 | 1860.

Vaughan worked for the company in 1860.

On February 10, 1860, Whitman received a letter from the Boston publishing firm of Thayer and Eldridge

the Bohemians (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2014).

Whitman published the poem "Bardic Symbols" in the Atlantic Monthly 5 (April 1860): 445–447.

—Your clients were purchasers at the Marshal's sale.

pursuance of estimates for the general Judicial expenses of the Government; and such payments as these were

Hence I am obliged to exercise the greatest circumspection in expenditure, in order to avoid exceeding

chance it affords to ventilate the real account & true inwardness of that Emerson talk on the Common in 1860

What were Emersons Emerson's relations to Walt Whitman?

And my arriere and citadel positions—such as I have indicated in my June North American Review memorandum

—were not only not attacked, they were not even alluded to.

Certain am I that he too finally came to clearly feel that the "Children of Adam" pieces were inevitable

From the various libraries of this city,—public and private,—to which I have access, I have been able

One was "Leaves of Grass," published in Boston by Thayer and Eldridge, in 1860–61; the other was "Leaves

The poems were classified in each one in an entirely different manner from the other, which at times

was a Boston publishing firm responsible for the third edition of Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (1860

David McKay (1860–1918) took over Philadelphia-based publisher Rees Welsh's bookselling and publishing

For more information about McKay, see Joel Myerson, "McKay, David (1860–1918)," Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia

which is to appear in folio with portraits of other poets and writers in a volume to be entitled "American

After July no 15, East Seventy-fourth St, New York City.

send you a proof of your portrait for which you may remember that you him a short sitting last winter Were

with the article and portrait of yourself which appeared in the sixth volume of my "Cyclopaedia of American

seen the work, I will take pleasure in sending you the sketch and illustration on my return to the city

Reich's drawing of Whitman, see Edwin Haviland Miller, ed., Selected Letters of Walt Whitman (Iowa City

.— I am glad you like Boston Walt, you know I have said much to you in praise both of the city and its

Vaughan to Walt Whitman, 27 March 1860

Vaughan worked for the company in 1860.

, April 30, 1860, and May 21, 1860.

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1809–1882) delivered a March 23, 1860, lecture on "Manners" in New York City.

See Vaughan's letter to Whitman of March 21, 1860.

Vaughan reminded Whitman of his promise in his letters to the poet of March 27, 1860 and April 9, 1860

Period 1: 1860–1867 Between 1860 and 1867, Louisa's life was fractured by the death of her son Andrew

Thomas Jefferson Whitman, April 16, 1860 The Public Life of Captain John Brown (1860) had been issued

(Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2000), 282.

March 31, 1860 April 4, 1860 When Jesse moved into the Portland Avenue home is not known—perhaps after

O'Connor were friends to Louisa as well as to Walt.

But for a people three times in number what our forefathers were when the latter defied the proudest

The Americans were not "united" either, in '76; wealth and influential tories were numerous; but the

the advent of Yellow Jack, who has appeared in force at the Quarantine station five miles below the city

The heat has caused a considerable emigration of city people again to country place near by.

summer months in the Southern United States, particularly under humid conditions and in densely populated

cities.

I guess the only wonderfully frightened men were Opdike and Seymour, if we perhaps except the Copperhead

In the flashy, sensation style the papers were all far from the truth, ahead, but when it comes to the

God only knows where the city of New York would have been had we had Wood's police.

My idea is this, to make a certain portion of the city, say certain wards that make a district, not too

side of the draft and would help enforce it in the next, so that in a short time a majority of the city

Even the Whitmans were worried about how they would obtain $300 if Jeff were drafted, although in the

Names of those selected were published in the papers, and it was clear enough that the poor were disproportionately

stopped only after eleven New York regiments and one from Michigan were rushed to the city at a time

After the riots were over, James R.

Fernando Wood was a former mayor of New York City.

Republicanism, and its ution or explosion—the revolt in Ireland, and the deep-s eat ed wish in the American

provincial character, but is developed w it h all that fiery ardor and "looseness" so characteristic of the city

The arrival of the Crescent City yesterday brought us the latest printed dates; but since the "connection

general curiosity exists here to learn more about it; besides, there are ten thousand dare-devils in th city

summer months in the Southern United States, particularly under humid conditions and in densely populated

cities.

The "Buffalo Hunt" was a name given to a scheme in which men who had served in the Mexican-American War

conquered territory would be called the Republic of Sierra Madre ("Incidental Results of the Mexican-American

If the old broad brims of Richmond were not so close fisted, I should predict that they would buy copies

The first I gave last week Thursday to a company of some 30 young ladies—very bright they were, and responsive

The young ladies, ranging from 18 to 25 perhaps, were all alert, sympathetic, eager, enthusiastic.

worked the clay—modeling rough a head of Cleveland, & then, changing it to Harrison —a work not exceeding

For Whitman's writings on Carlyle, see "Death of Thomas Carlyle" (pp. 168–170) and "Carlyle from American

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882) was an American poet and essayist who began the Transcendentalist movement

Morse is likely referring to similar works, including likenesses of the poet Thomas Carlyle and the American

essayist and lecturer Ralph Waldo Emerson, that were purchased by the woman who also hired him to provide

Blaine (1830–1893) was an American statesman and Republican politician.

that my friend Kennedy has told you something of me and the work I am trying to do for you and for American

you in a depressed mood many times, saying that he finds a "solid line of enemies" (I think those were

I am just now delivering a course of lectures in the city on "The Literature of Democracy" concerning

In these I am trying to analyze certain tendencies of American Life somewhat in accordance with the principles

An acquantaince among the younger literary editors of the city warrants me in saying that there is much

William Sloane Kennedy (1850–1929) was on the staff of the Philadelphia American and the Boston Transcript

; he also published biographies of Longfellow, Holmes, and Whittier (Dictionary of American Biography

My dear Sir, Some years ago when I had occasion to address you, you were so good as to say you should

The American agent to whom my last application for this was forwarded says: "I don't think there is an

not an edition between the the one set up by yourself in 1855 and that of Thayer & Eldridge dated 1860

was the Boston publishing firm responsible for the third edition of Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (1860

, and, though no one knows exactly "who's the next customer," it wouldn't be very surprising if it were

It wouldn't be bad if the originality were extended farther and wider.

I see that the Crescent City leaves here on the 2d of October, and is advertised to sail hence again

Thompson, leaves for New Orleans—via Havana, same as the Crescent City—on the 16th of October; passage

Zachary Taylor (1784–1850), a Southern slaveholder and a well-known American miltary leader in the Mexican-American

The Whigs were critical of the nation's expansion into Texas and of the Mexican-American War and favored

Ireland, Records of the New York Stage from 1750 to 1860 [New York: T. H.

Under his management, New York City's Bowery Theatre became a successful venue for American working-class

By 1845, Sefton had played Jemmy Twitcher 360 times in New York City.

painful and she slept very little This morning she was feeling a little easier Tell George that I am exceeding

Bent Claims, at a total expense not exceeding three hundred dollars. Very Respectfully yours, M. F.

If you can now supply the books mentioned on this list at rates not exceeding the prices there intimated

If they can now be supplied by you at rates not exceeding those mentioned on said list, you are requested

names to study anything, and I always distrusted getting right names from our composite, mongrel population

will say this—somebody had a curious story published in Blackwood's Magazine —it was copied by an American

Blackwoods for 1876, maybe you will find it, and need to be prepared to be indignant for I think you were

considered in force For the reasons given in your letter you have leave of absence for a time not exceeding

Whitman, Sir, It was with exceeding interest that Mr Curtis & I listened to the letter you lately wrote

that "corporation have no souls," does not seem applicable to the corporation of this city, in one respect

my part, I think the practice a very commendable one; it creates a general good feeling between the city

Last night, the hospitalities of the city were tendered to Commodore M. E.

At the same time, the city fathers confirmed the Mayor's re-appointment of Mr.

Pearson, whose obsequies have so recently been celebrated in this city and Brooklyn. Capt.

He commanded ships in the War of 1812 and in the Mexican-American War, and he became an advocate of modernizing

Frederick Havemeyer (1804–1874) was a businessman, who was elected and served as Major of New York City

and the city's first Police Commisioner.

were the two major political parties in the United States as part of the two-party system.

The Whigs were critical of the nation's expansion into Texas and of the Mexican-American War and favored

We Americans have yet to really learn our own antecedents, and sort them, to unify them.

To that composite American identity of the future, Spanish character will supply some of the most needed

Then another point, relating to American ethnology, past and to come, I will here touch upon at a venture

As to our aboriginal or Indian population—the Aztec in the South, and many a tribe in the North and West—I

might assume to do so, I would like to send you the most cordial, heart-felt congratulations of your American

just finish'dfinished their long drawn out anniversary of the 333d year of the settlement of their city

seeking refreshment between the pines of Thüringerwald, living among a very amiable and childlike population

crest of this huge and soft German body; but the body is so soft indeed, that one should think, there were

After staying at Lowell a couple of days we were ordered to pack up and move again, so we started back

"revenue cutters," or coastal vessels, be dispatched to New York City in order to save them from falling

The telegram further stated: "If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot

The "Dutchman of the 11th Corps" is a reference to the fact that the Eleventh Army was heavily populated

While it appears that both were at fault in the marriage, the Whitmans were naturally in sympathy with

With him were his wife, Martha E.

There were his uniform coat, pants, sash, &c. There were many things reminded us of him.

were kept at Salisbury, North Carolina.

French, who had remodeled the Plymouth Chuch in Brooklyn in 1860. , April 19, 1860. joined George and

edition 72 pages, small quarto, was pub published in Brooklyn N Y New York in 1855 —Second New York City

1857—third 1860 (by Thayer & Eldridge Boston) —fourth New York City 1865—fifth Washington D C 1871—Sixth

Leypoldt & Co. were bookdealers with a store at 37 Park Row in New York City.

is reconsidered, and permission is granted you to be absent from the Territory for a period not exceeding

—This would afford a splendid living American Vol. that would go like the devil through the West, and

among the young men everywhere.— Walt Whitman to Thayer & Eldridge, late 1860

Four thousand people, the tip-top of the city, crowded themselves upstairs and down.

The exhibition of the American Institute opened yesterday. Nobody there; it rained too hard.

Hayes, and M'Keon, ) have issued another manifesto to the American people in general and the Irish in

was on terms of friendship with him; on the evening of August 6, he called while she and her husband were

Let them, however, not remain in cities, but post westward forthwith, and vote themselves farms.

Williams, Horace Greeley: Champion of American Freedom (New York: New York University Press, 2006).

White, who were members of the Irish Directory in New York.

Under his management, New York City's Bowery Theatre became a successful venue for American working-class

Barnburners and Hunkers were terms used to describe opposing sides of the fracturing Democratic party

The Hunkers were pro-government; they favored state banks and minimized the issue of slavery.

Somebody ought to write a scholarly-picturesque thorough & exhaustive history of the Dutch-Americans.

I wish I were rich enough.

City & L. Island, & study the Dutch people at first hand.