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Receiving its present title in 1860, the piece underwent minor revisions throughout the different editions

In the interest of aesthetic and thematic unity, Whitman dropped the American "genre painting" scene

soil that underlines the raised "perpendicular hand" (added in 1860).

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1995. 1–10.González de la Garza, Mauricio.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1992.Miller, James E., Jr. A Critical Guide to "Leaves of Grass."

Alegría notes that Whitman's philosophical, religious, and political ideas were not fully understood

Mexico City: Ediciones Studium, 1954.Allen, Gay Wilson, and Ed Folsom, eds.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1995.Chocano, José Santos. Oro de Indias. Vol. 1.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1995. 118–126.____. "We Live in a Whitmanesque Age."

Poet-Chief: The Native American Poetics of Walt Whitman and Pablo Neruda.

The poet of brotherhood has been taken to task for his problematic stances on slavery, Native Americans

The poet of the body and of the soul, the "solitary singer" of the en-masse, the American Adam of archaisms

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994.Klammer, Martin.

Studies in Classic American Literature. 1923.

Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1951.Miller, James E., Jr. A Critical Guide to "Leaves of Grass."

Carol M.Zapata-Whelan"For You O Democracy" (1860)"For You O Democracy" (1860)"For You O Democracy," written

between 1859 and 1860, is a well-known "Calamus" poem originally printed in the 1860 edition of Leaves

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994.Miller, James E., Jr. A Critical Guide to "Leaves of Grass."

Whitman's Manuscripts: "Leaves of Grass" (1860). Ed. Fredson Bowers. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1955.

"For You O Democracy" (1860)

The Bohemians were nonconforming, frequently intellectual, engaged in the arts, and in opposition to

Among the most visible were King Clapp and the queen, Ada Clare, Fitz-James O'Brien, George Arnold, William

Whitman appears more a version of an 1890s gentleman than the free and imposing figure he had cut in the 1860s

from the good fellowship and fun, was the constant focus offered by the Saturday Press, especially in 1860

Pfaff's and its habitués offered an unconventional life style—for instance, they were among the many

Duyckinck and Cornelius Mathews, the Young Americans supported the common man, democracy, and reform.

most concerned with encouraging and promoting American writers.

American Literary Magazines: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.

Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1921.Yannella, Donald. "Cornelius Mathews."

Studies in the American Renaissance: 1978. Ed. Joel Myerson. Boston: Twayne, 1978. 207–258.

Whitman and the good-humored, jolly Gray were close from before the Civil War; their principal connection

classics, studied medicine, worked in South Carolina as a compositor, and went to Kansas when matters were

Raymond's New York Times through most of the 1860s, having started there around 1858.

American Literature 30 (1959): 425–449. Hyman, Martin D.

American Literature 39 (1968): 547–553. Swinton, John (1829–1901)

They were dedicated to Locofoco political radicalism and literary nationalism.

There is good reason to believe that Whitman and Mathews were acquainted both because of their ideological

Mathews addressed New York City Nativists—he was vice president of the organization, according to the

American Literary Magazines: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. New York: Greenwood, 1986.

American Literary Critics and Scholars, 1850–1880. Vol. 64 of Dictionary of Literary Biography. Ed.

Augustus (1816–1878) Whitman and Evert Augustus Duyckinck, near contemporaries, nationalistic Young Americans

It is true that Duyckinck and his brother's most enduring work, the Cyclopaedia of American Literature

was well along in production in 1855 when the first edition of Leaves appeared, and the same plates were

Whitman recalled having met Evert Duyckinck and his brother, George: "they were both 'gentlemanly men

American Literary Magazines: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. New York: Greenwood, 1986.

in the volume, and he also received more space than any other poet in the ten-volume Library of American

An American Anthology, 1787–1900. 2 vols. Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside, 1900. ———, ed.

A Library of American Literature: From the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time. 10 vols.

religious, scientific, medical, sexual, and gender orthodoxies in order to hasten the coming of the City

into an unofficial clearinghouse for the writings of radical reformers, it is no wonder that they were

American Quarterly 18 (1966): 655–666.____. "A Reading of Whitman's 'Faces.'"

American Literature 56 (1984): 379–395.____. Walt Whitman and the Body Beautiful.

American Literature 2 (1931): 350–384.Reiss, Edmund. "Whitman's Debt to Animal Magnetism."

Early in 1846 he had clipped and heavily underlined an article from the American Review entitled "Phrenology

Poet," in the October 1855 issue of the American Phrenological Journal; and sent out review copies,

It should be added, however, that the phrenologists were eclectic, much as were the other pseudo-scientists

American Quarterly 18 (1966): 655–666.____. "A Reading of Whitman's 'Faces.'"

American Literature 2 (1931): 350–384.Kaplan, Justin. Walt Whitman: A Life.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. 105–119.Chase, Richard. Walt Whitman Reconsidered.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. 88–102.Grier, Edward F.

American Literature 23 (1951): 332–350.Mancuso, Luke.

American Worlds Since Emerson. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1988.Scholnick, Robert J.

Democratic Vistas: 1860–1880. New York: George Braziller, 1970.Warren, James Perrin.

Indeed, Whitman came to maturity during a particularly rich period of American religious oratory.

Mesmerists maintained that all things were animated by an electric fluid or, as it was sometimes called

Whitman's persona took form in response not just to the American political scene of his early maturity

Both types of painting were comfortingly realistic and uncritical; they were designed for a popular mass

The most popular American prose poetry before Whitman was written by Martin Farquhar Tupper.

the Exposition' [1871]This poem was written for the fortieth National Industrial Exposition of the American

Whitman was solicited by the American Institute Board of Managers a month prior to the event.

With the exception of "Out of the Cradle" and "As I Ebb'd," both of which were composed in 1859 and went

American Transcendental Quarterly 53 (1982): 49–66.LaRue, Robert.

American Transcendental Quarterly 53 (1982): 49–66.Whitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass. Ed.

"Patroling Barnegat" was originally published in June 1880 in The American and then reprinted in April

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. 240–250.Fast, Robin Riley.

American Transcendental Quarterly 53 (1982): 49–66.French, R.W.

JamesWohlpart"World Below the Brine, The" (1860)"World Below the Brine, The" (1860)Receiving its present

World Below the Brine" was originally published in the "Leaves of Grass" cluster as number 16 in the 1860

American Transcendental Quarterly 53 (1982): 49–66.Freedman, William A.

"World Below the Brine, The" (1860)

Whitman's lines are end-stopped; groupings of clauses or phrases (not feet) constitute lines; lines were

American Prosody. New York: American, 1935. Bradley, Sculley.

American Literature 10 (1939): 437–459. Finch, Annie.

The Ghost of Meter: Culture and Prosody in American Free Verse. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1993.

"The Identity of American Free Verse: The Prosodic Study of Whitman's 'Lilacs.'"

A large share of the artifacts were funerary and hence celebrated beliefs and values surrounding life

Egyptian tombs were filled with objects used in everyday life; the interiors contained pictures and images

American Hieroglyphics: The Symbol of the Egyptian Hieroglyphics in the American Renaissance.

Myth and Literature in the American Renaissance. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1978.Tapscott, Stephen J.

American Literature 50 (1978): 49–73.Whitman, Walt.

forerunner, Whitman saw Egypt as alive, energetic, freedom-loving, and great—an older kindred of the American

City” (1860).

He appointed African Americans to high administrative posts, and during his term blacks were elected

Arguments have been made that “Once I Pass’d through a Populous City”—a key poem that reworks the New

In Ellison’s estimation, the contours of the “Negro American idiom” were to be found everywhere in US

Whitman, “Once I Pass’d Through a Populous City,” in Poetry and Prose, 266; Yusef Komunyakaa, “Praise

TedWidmerProvidence, Rhode IslandProvidence, Rhode IslandA city at the head of Narragansett Bay, Providence

Williams, who wished to acknowledge divine assistance in his forced relocation from Massachusetts, the city

During Whitman's lifetime, the city's population rose from 11,767 (1820) to 132,146 (1890).Whitman had

They were fiercely opposed to monopolies (particularly in the banking world), and fought Tammany Hall

Thereafter, Democrats were collectively nicknamed Locofocos.

American Historical Review 24 (1919): 396–421. Barnburners and Locofocos

Its first editor was William Coleman, who served until 1829, when the reins were passed to William Cullen

JanWhittLeaves of Grass Imprints (1860)Leaves of Grass Imprints (1860)In 1860 Thayer and Eldridge of

The imprints were available at no cost to prospective buyers, and the company used them as a unique promotion

literary historians, it was a collection of reviews summarizing his critical reception from 1855 to 1860

Walt Whitman and the American Reader. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990.Zweig, Paul.

Leaves of Grass Imprints (1860)

An alcoholic, she is alleged to have been a poor mother, sending her children out onto city streets to

The twelve pages of the Preface were set in 10-point type; the 83 pages of poetry, in 12-point type.

The printers provided him with 800 copies in quarto format, and then the sheets were sent to an engraver

While there he also wrote a prose piece about the role of the poet and poetry in American life and included

Walt Whitman and the American Reader. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990. Rubin, Joseph Jay.

of the City of Brook- lyn for 1856, 1858–1859, and 1859–1860, and the Charter for the City of Brooklyn

[Henry Clapp Jr.], “Walt Whitman and American Art,” SP, June 30, 1860. 43.

“Walt Whitman and American Art,” SP, June 30, 1860. 3.

design decision equivalent to nakedness—in 1860 the poems were titled, and many were arranged into thematic

Kenny, Daniel J.The American Newspaper Directory and Record of the Press for 1860.

first Leaves of Grass in 1855, Walt Whitman has been justly honored as the first great innovator in American

In the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass, Whitman begins to show his concern for larger units of poetic

Always conscious of the printed format of the poems, Whitman numbers stanzas in the 1860 edition, and

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994.Hollis, C. Carroll. Language and Style in "Leaves of Grass."

An American Primer. By Walt Whitman. Boston: Small, Maynard, 1904. v–ix.Warren, James Perrin.

Sanborn first encountered Walt Whitman on 4 April 1860 in a courtroom in Boston, where Sanborn had been

Whitman would later say that he came to make sure that, if Sanborn were convicted, he—Whitman—might take

Massachusetts abolitionists were enraged, and Thomas Wentworth Higginson even tried to break Burns out

The Slave Catchers: Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, 1850–1860.

Whitman family letters make clear that during much of his life he was capable of being out in the city

that he had been trusted to take her and her sister out for pushcart excursions in Brooklyn when they were

little girls in the 1860s.

She and his mother, he wrote, were "the two best and sweetest women I have ever seen or known" (Correspondence

Her death certificate indicates she was born in New York (no city or town is given), and her daughter

, no doubt rightly, that Walt was drawn to Mattie because she was so good to his mother, but there were

The early months of 1873 were devastating ones for Walt Whitman.

It would be a mistake, however, to suggest that the two brothers were drawn together only by the pull

Though perhaps driven somewhat apart in this way, they were drawn together powerfully in feeling when

His works include Americans in Rome, Grey-Bay Mare and Other Humorous American Sketches, and he is the

supposed author of Americans in Paris.

Leland's article "Walt Whitman" in the Saturday Press (1860) was an enthusiastic endorsement of the poet

Along with Briggs, Triggs organized the first Whitman dinner at the Men's City Club in Los Angeles, which

Phillips wrote a favorable review of Leaves of Grass for the New York Illustrated News (26 May 1860),

reprinted in the Saturday Press (30 June 1860).

laudatory poem, "Letter Impromptu" (1857), written in hexameters, appeared in Leaves of Grass Imprints (1860

American Notes and Queries 6 (1946): 51–53. Whitman, Walt.

Genocide and disease decimated Native American populations.

He would soon discover, however, that the American public were even less tolerant than their British

Whitman, LG 1860, 342–43. 16. All poems were originally untitled in the 1855 edition.

A disproportionate number of anatomical subjects were African American, Indian, or Irish.

“The Gory New York City Riot That Shaped American Medicine.” The Smithsonian, June 17, 2014. Web.

Yet by 1876 Whitman's friends in England were sufficient in number to muster a hefty subscription to

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1995.Blodgett, Harold. Walt Whitman in England. 1934.

American Literature in Nineteenth-Century England.

Purpose and Place: Essays on American Writers. London: Macmillan, 1965.Hindus, Milton, ed.

Anglo-American Encounters: England and the Rise of American Literature.

By then the socioeconomic condition of the American laborer had changed profoundly, in ways Whitman's

These slumps were symptoms of a new phase of capitalist development leading to the gradual transformation

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. 133–152.Trachtenberg, Alan. The Incorporation of America.

Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1921.____.

Chants Democratic: New York City & the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788–1850.

WynnThomasNew York CityNew York City"This is the city," wrote Whitman, "and I am one of the citizens"

The Spectator and the City in Nineteenth-Century American Literature.

Unreal Cities. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1990. Spann, E.K.

"Whitman's Tale of Two Cities." American Literary History 6 (1994): 633-657. Versluys, Kristiaan.

The Poet in the City. Tubingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1987.  New York City

T.F.TannerJames, William (1842–1910)James, William (1842–1910)It is certain that William James, the American

New York: New American Library, 1958.____.

James T.F.TannerEvolutionEvolutionAlthough the theory of evolution—the belief that complex organisms were

Scholars continue to debate the question of the poet's most characteristic pronouncements on evolution: were

Cosmic Optimism: A Study of the Interpretation of Evolution by American Poets.

1882) Charles Darwin was the author of several books, published during Walt Whitman's lifetime, that were

The Origin of Species appeared in 1859, though no American edition of the book was available until after

Other books that Whitman was at least aware of were The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants (1865

Cosmic Optimism: A Study of the Interpretation of Evolution by American Poets from Emerson to Robinson

figure in the development of pre-Darwinian evolutionary theory, exerted considerable influence on American

Lamarck believed that complex organisms were developed from pre-existent simpler forms, and based his

Cosmic Optimism: A Study of the Interpretation of Evolution by American Poets.

assertion that Scott's antidemocratic sentiment made the political message of his writing unfit for an American

In the same essay, Whitman insists that he, as well as every American, owes a "debt of thanks" to Scott

Like most nineteenth-century Americans, Whitman idealized Columbus.