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Besides, were you willing to devote all your time and energies, you could gain property too: squeeze,

Our intellect would be sullied, were the vulgar to approximate to it, by professing to readily enter

The booming of the city clock sounded forth the hour twelve—high noon. "Ho! Lingave!"

His schemes for gaining wealth were various; he had dipped into almost every branch and channel of business

Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American Antiquarian Society.

"; Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American Antiquarian Society.

inspiration, the joys of the wine-cup, been the theme of Romance and Poem; it is time that the paint were

were bid for them.

There were four of us.

Vain were their hopes.

Methought I was wandering through the cities of a mighty and populous empire.

People were hurrying up and down the streets. The children were dressed in gay clothes.

growing interest in the Washington Temperance Societies—named after George Washington—whose members were

The Washingtonians were known for their "experience meetings" in which former drunkards would tell the

Among temperance novels then quite popular were Lucius Manley Sargent's My Mother's Gold Ring (1833),

Cheever's The Commonplace Book of American Poetry (1831, but often reprinted), a standard anthology of

Wilson (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2014), 32–53.

For a complete list of revisions to the language of the Franklin Evans version of the story that were

Early Youth" section of Specimen Days and Collect (1882), these two paragraphs of narrative framing were

He seemed to be looked upon by the others as a sort of prompter, from whom they were to take cue.

A second, third and fourth time were the glasses filled, and the effect thereof began to be perceived

At the end of that hour, the words "perhaps when you arrive she may be dead ," were not effaced from

For a complete list of revisions to the language of the Franklin Evans version of the story that were

Early Youth" section of Specimen Days and Collect (1882), these two paragraphs of narrative framing were

Meetings in which speakers described their conversion experiences were an important part of the Washington

This tale is the last of nine short stories by Whitman that were published for the first time in The

Yet if it were possible for envy to enter among the Creatures Beautiful, many would have pined for the

Such were the futile wishes of the criminal.

it—that great city, shrouded in the depths of night, and its many thousands slumbering.

Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American Antiquarian Society.

This tale is the last of nine short stories by Whitman that were published for the first time in The

"; Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American Antiquarian Society.

is based on Thomas Ollive Mabbott, "Walt Whitman Edits the Sunday Times, July, 1842-June, 1843, American

and Love A LEGEND OF LIFE AND LOVE This tale is the seventh of nine short stories by Whitman that were

Glossy hair clustered upon his head, and his cheeks were very brown from sunshine and open air.

"As I said, the dying lessons of him whom we reverenced were treasured in my soul.

We were blessed.

"Children were born to us—brave boys and fair girls.

This tale is the seventh of nine short stories by Whitman that were published for the first time in The

another term for grandfather.; Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American

Mott, A History of American Magazines, 1741–1930 [Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958], 1: 718–

promote the liberal politics of the Democratic party, as well as to provide a forum for contemporary American

This tale is Whitman's earliest known short story and the first of nine stories by Whitman that were

Mott, A History of American Magazines, 1741–1930 [Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958], 1: 718–

"Reuben's Last Wish" and another fiction work, " The Madman ," were unknown to twentieth-century literary

Holloway announced both finds in the January 1956 issue of American Literature : see Emory Holloway,

"More Temperance Tales by Whitman," American Literature 27 (January 1956): 577–578.

The Washington temperance societies, part of the Washingtonian temperance movement, were popular in New

Several persons were standing around him.

.]; "Reuben's Last Wish" and another fiction work, "The Madman," were unknown to twentieth-century literary

Holloway announced both finds in the January 1956 issue of American Literature: see Emory Holloway, "

More Temperance Tales by Whitman," American Literature 27 (January 1956): 577–578.

The Washington temperance societies, part of the Washingtonian temperance movement, were popular in New

explained, listening to narratives like the remarks and advice on temperance described here, which were

This tale is the sixth of nine short stories by Whitman that were published for the first time in The

Families were divided; adherents to the crown, and ardent upholders of the rebellion, were often found

At one period there were efforts made to have the whole affair investigated.

They thought him mad; his words were so incoherent and strange.

—and the Last Soldier of King George had left the American shores.

This tale is the sixth of nine short stories by Whitman that were published for the first time in The

The entire preceeding paragraph is omitted.; Whitman is referring to the American War of Independence

between Britain—ruled by King George III— and the North American colonies that sought independence from

Whitman's short story "The Last of the Sacred Army" (March 1842) also deals with the American Revolution

the top of the side of a ship.; Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American

If our city would send to the national legislature two mechanics, one merchant, and one man of moderate

Our city, in its political bearings and influence, has a great control over a large portion of the Union

"We've Been Here Before: William Henry Harrison Showed Rich Presidential Candidates How to Win," American

"We've Been Here Before: William Henry Harrison Showed Rich Presidential Candidates How to Win," American

Our worthy contemporaries, the Sun and the Tribune, The Sun was a New York City based daily newspaper

The Sun aimed to attract the increasingly literate populations of the working class.

Even though it featured many sensationalized stories that were discredited, The Sun persisted in some

Greeley intended for the paper to tell unbiased news, his social views associated with abolitionism were

This is a reference to the New York City Democratic Party.

.; The Sun was a New York City based daily newspaper that was founded in 1833 and initially edited by

The Sun aimed to attract the increasingly literate populations of the working class.

Even though it featured many sensationalized stories that were discredited, The Sun persisted in some

Greeley intended for the paper to tell unbiased news, his social views associated with abolitionism were

For more information on this struggle, see: Diane Ravitch, The Great School Wars: New York City, 1805

the southern tip of Manhattan served as a gun emplacement and fortress for the defense of New York City

The crowd and the jam were tremendous.

Upon the Battery, pedestrians, singly and in groups, were enjoying the lazy breeze as it wafted along

American Eclipse famously defeated Sir Henry in 1823 at the Union Course.

cities of the period (Arne K.

the southern tip of Manhattan served as a gun emplacement and fortress for the defense of New York City

American Eclipse famously defeated Sir Henry in 1823 at the Union Course.

According to one source, the combined spectatorship at the race was larger than all but three American

cities of the period (Arne K.

Lang, Sports Betting and Bookmaking: An American History [New York: Rowman and Littfield, 2016], 1).

The article makes a case for English action against American slavery wherein troops of African descent

Suppose our emissaries were to do what could be done in Ireland; and suppose the down trodden mass in

pro-independence political leader and Member of Parliament Daniel O'Connell (1775–1847), was that American

The article makes a case for English action against American slavery wherein troops of African descent

pro-independence political leader and Member of Parliament Daniel O'Connell (1775–1847), was that American

A few days ago we were quietly treading our way among the bales, boxes and crates upon one of the East

knowledge of his is of far greater value than all the fanciful smattering that is usually caught up in the city

But we were speaking of the ocean—that eternal fountain of the sublime and mysterious.

Were we disposed to be fanciful, we might divide the body's life from the mind's life, and compare them

philosophy—sending our glance through the cool and verdant lanes, by the sides of the blue rivers, over the crowded city

Were communities so constituted that to prune their errors, the only thing necessary should be the passage

For further reading on laudanum, see: Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, American Journal

For further reading on laudanum, see: Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, American Journal

The place where this bloody massacre occurred is Cabool Cabool (Kabul) was an Afghani capital city with

a population of 60,000 (circa 1831–1833).

Whitman mentions the city's fortification; the city is built of sun-dried bricks and wood.

Journal Of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 33, no. 3 (2010): 1–21. , a fortified city, situated

between the northern United States and British North American colonies.

.; Cabool (Kabul) was an Afghani capital city with a population of 60,000 (circa 1831–1833).

Whitman mentions the city's fortification; the city is built of sun-dried bricks and wood.

Whitman brought this to light because the relations between Britain and the United States were still

tense after the War of 1812, and the Britain and the US were in the middle of negotiations of borders

between the northern United States and British North American colonies.

Throughout the nineteenth century, there were many attempts to put Fourier's theories into practice,

bankism, high tarifism, Both the re-chartering of the National Bank and the institution of high tariffs were

Throughout the nineteenth century, there were many attempts to put Fourier's theories into practice,

Ralph Waldo Emerson.; Both the re-chartering of the National Bank and the institution of high tariffs were

.— James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851) authored popular works of fiction that portrayed the North American

.; James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851) authored popular works of fiction that portrayed the North American

Webster Dictionary (1840), "plume" means "to pride; to value; to boast" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American

Whitman's sarcastic comment is poking fun at the self-perceived influence of New York City sixpenny dailies

, which were the more expensive subscription newspapers.

deign to notice the pennies, and two pennies At this time, the sixpenny dailies, or six-penny papers, were

Penny papers, however, were small, poorly printed, and sold on the street.

Webster Dictionary (1840), "plume" means "to pride; to value; to boast" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American

1840], 753).; Whitman's sarcastic comment is poking fun at the self-perceived influence of New York City

sixpenny dailies, which were the more expensive subscription newspapers.; At this time, the sixpenny

dailies, or six-penny papers, were often distributed through subscription.

Penny papers, however, were small, poorly printed, and sold on the street.

the purpose of practically exercising their rights—rights which they claim under the great Bill of American

Were we a resident of Rhode Island, we should be a revolutioniser, in the front rank.

Aurora has been roaring very loudly and ably, though somewhat savagely, on behalf of the Native Americans

"Native American" here refers to a nativist party of American-born Protestants whose policies were primarily

The first native American party in New York appeared under the name "American Republican Party" in 1843

Immigrant Identity and the Politics of Citizenship: A Collection of Articles from the Journal of American

Let us have a Native American party.

.; "Native American" here refers to a nativist party of American-born Protestants whose policies were

The first native American party in New York appeared under the name "American Republican Party" in 1843

Immigrant Identity and the Politics of Citizenship: A Collection of Articles from the Journal of American

.— Few days in the week are more interesting for a promenade in our stirring city than Saturday, for

tip of Manhattan, by the 1840s, the Battery had become a promenade and park for New Yorkers. hosts were

Here a group were gazing upon the tempting array in the toy shops; there, others were feasting their

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840-43,"  American Nineteenth

Before long, as many as two hundred were out, and arranged in rude, military style—most of them carrying

The inhabitants of the neighborhood were kept up till morning, without sleep, in very fear that the next

All this occurred in the vicinity of the Cathedral, which, the Irish were told, was in danger of attack

from American Protestants.

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840-43," American Nineteenth

Founded as a fraternal order on May 12, 1789, the group became a growing Democratic power in New York City

We were about waking the youngster, when a watchman who, unseen by us, had been leaning against the iron

Prior to the works of authors like Charles Dickens and Lewis Carroll, children were viewed primarily

How true their notions of the subject were, bear witness poor Oliver, and crazed Barnaby, and pathetic

Dickens's social criticisms were not always well received in the United States, but Whitman adored his

Founded as a fraternal order on May 12, 1789, the group became a growing Democratic power in New York City

Prior to the works of authors like Charles Dickens and Lewis Carroll, children were viewed primarily

Dickens's social criticisms were not always well received in the United States, but Whitman adored his

Barnaby Rudge is the main character of Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty, an American Revolution-era

Whitman comments on the fraught politics of selecting the New York City legislative body in the April

A lazy person; a sluggard" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American Dictionary of the English Language

Their shouts and howls were perfectly terrific; and we are told the residents in that quarter of the

The Irish drew up a threatening front; but so indignant were the Americans who had been witnessing the

citizens were concerned in the affair, we can see nothing in their conduct to condemn.

Whitman comments on the fraught politics of selecting the New York City legislative body in the April

The Spartans were a Democratic faction lead by Mike Walsh (1810–1859) that was known for their working-class

For further information, see: Tyler Anbinder, Five Points: The Nineteenth-Century New York City Neighborhood‬

A lazy person; a sluggard" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American Dictionary of the English Language

The Sixth Ward, also called "Five Points," was a poor, predominantly Irish, neighborhood in New York City

For more information, see Amy Bridges, A City in the Republic: Antebellum New York and the Origins of

For the honor of American principle and feelings, our birthrights by inheritance, we should hope not.

Next fall if Tammany yields, her ascendency in this city is lost forever.

Krieg, Walt Whitman and the Irish (Iowa City: Iowa University Press), 16.

The Five Points was a region of the city where Worth, Baxter, and Park streets all intersected.

Tammany Hall was the central organization of the Democratic Party in New York City during the antebellum

period, and Irish Democrats increasingly influenced the city's politics, a fact that Whitman, as editor

For more information, see Amy Bridges, A City in the Republic: Antebellum New York and the Origins of

of New York City, of which the Five Points is the center.

The Five Points was a region of the city where Worth, Baxter, and Park streets all intersected.

Ireland, Records of the New York Stage, from 1750 to 1860 (New York: T. H.

By 1845, Sefton had played Jemmy Twitcher 360 times in New York City.

He achieved fame in New York City in the 1820s for his forceful and aggressive style of acting.

Intensely American himself, he Americanized the stage in this country."

the "first American actress of any importance to play major roles in England."

.; The Park Theater was located on Park Row, near City Hall Park, before burning down in 1848.; Arthur

Ireland, Records of the New York Stage, from 1750 to 1860 (New York: T. H.

By 1845, Sefton had played Jemmy Twitcher 360 times in New York City.

Intensely American himself, he Americanized the stage in this country."

the "first American actress of any importance to play major roles in England."

The Spartans were able to take control of Tammany Hall nominating conventions in 1842 and named their

For further reading, see Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American

Flood, The Encyclopeia of New York City, Second Edition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010).

The windows and blinds were completely smashed.

But singularly enough, there were numerous objects totally uninjured, (we were informed that all was

The Spartans were able to take control of Tammany Hall nominating conventions in 1842 and named their

For further reading, see Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American

Flood, The Encyclopeia of New York City, Second Edition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010).

Norton and Company, 2014), 33–38.; Located in the Five Points neighborhood in New York City, the Sixth

For further reading, see: Kevin Kenny, New Directions in Irish-American History (Madison: University

We were never brought up to rejoice at the defeat of democratic candidates.

Tammany Hall, the headquarters of the Democratic political machine in New York, dominated the city's

For it is little that the presiding officer of the city is of her side, while all the essentials of power

.; Tammany Hall, the headquarters of the Democratic political machine in New York, dominated the city's

drained Europe of her blood and her treasures, that the nations sympathetically, mechanically as it were

England, in spite of her debt, and the miseries of a vast portion of her population, has increased her

From 1839–1842 England and the Qing dynasty of China were engaged in what was known as the First Opium

The United States and England were, at this time, engaged in an ongoing dispute over the border between

See Howard Jones, To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1793–1843 (Chapel

From 1839–1842 England and the Qing dynasty of China were engaged in what was known as the First Opium

A line from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1, line 270.; The United States and England were

See Howard Jones, To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1793–1843 (Chapel

Morris is re-elected mayor of the city. Robert H.

Morris (1808–1855), 64th mayor of New York City, was first elected mayor in 1841, and in 1842 was running

city's politics.

Is it not a pleasant spectacle for an American to look upon?

Has it come to be, that Irishman is a better title to office, here, than American ?

Morris (1808–1855), 64th mayor of New York City, was first elected mayor in 1841, and in 1842 was running

Morris was also reelected mayor in 1843, and subsequently served as Postmaster of the city and then as

Wards became less important in mayoral politics after the consolidation of New York City in 1898 into

city's politics.

(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).; The New York City Council, often referred to during this

The democratic head quarters, Tammany Hall, and the whig head quarters, National Hall, were filled with

nineteenth-century America, the Five Points neighborhood, the Tombs was a colloquial name for New York City's

America's Greatest Criminal Barracks': The Tombs and the Experience of Criminal Justice in New York City

mass of people—some attracted by curiosity, but most of them anxious to hear the returns, as they were

all sick , and were going home for the night," we did not think it judicious to attempt an entrance.

nineteenth-century America, the Five Points neighborhood, the Tombs was a colloquial name for New York City's

America's Greatest Criminal Barracks': The Tombs and the Experience of Criminal Justice in New York City

word bogtrotter had been applied specifically to the Irish as far back as 1682 (Noah Webster, An American

Sharpe, 2015], 254).; Bishop John Hughes (1797–1864) led the fight in New York City for parochial schools

Pronunciation, And Definitions Of Words [White and Sheffield, 1839], 106).; The Washington Grey's were

Broadway borders City Hall Park on the west.

Near the City Hotel The City hotel was located at 123 Broadway "between Cedar and Thames streets."

See Thomas Longworth, Longworth's American Almanac, New-York Register, and City Directory (New York:

The Globe Hotel was located at 66 Broadway in New York City.

He wrote, "The chief street of a great city is a curious epitome of the life of the city; and when that

was located at 162 Nassau Street in New York's so-called "Newspaper Row," just across Park Row from City

It had several features that were unheard of in contemporary hotels. According to Edwin G.

See Thomas Longworth, Longworth's American Almanac, New-York Register, and City Directory (New York:

Gideon, 1841), 14.; The Globe Hotel was located at 66 Broadway in New York City.

He wrote, "The chief street of a great city is a curious epitome of the life of the city; and when that

yesterday, to see the humors of election, Whitman is referring to the recent elections for New York city

such children as shall be taken up or committed as vagrants, or convicted of offences in the said city

salle à manger," French for "dining room." they took their places, standing at the table, until all were

recognised by their countenances as having been paraded in the Sessions and before the Police, and were

The male portion of the establishment—which is the only portion we were permitted to see—appears to be

.; Whitman is referring to the recent elections for New York city council.; The "Society for the Reformation

such children as shall be taken up or committed as vagrants, or convicted of offences in the said city

The first patterings of the tempest—the reveille —the portents of the coming battle—were to be seen and

Belohlavek, "John Tyler: The Accidental President," The Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007):

About six o'clock, we stepped over in front of the City Hall to see what was going on.

Smith The 1842-43 New York City Directory lists James M.

We presume respectable Americans would not grieve much were the "whole hog" Irish.

laufen, "to run," as "an idle man who seeks his living by sponging or expedients" (Noah Webster, An American

Belohlavek, "John Tyler: The Accidental President," The Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007):

Allen, The Tiger: the Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall (Addison–Wesley, 1993).; The 1842-43 New York City

=V000028; Whitman here is referencing Bishop John Hughes (1797–1864) who led the fight in New York City

Its Religious Discontents, 1805–1840," American Education History Journal 37, no. 2 (2010): 455–471.

with public funds, and therefore had the support of many Irish-Catholics in New York, most of whom were

We are sure that there must be such men as American democrats in Tammany.

Where were they while this abominable game was going on?

Let them—we beseech them as American republicans —let them not cast away self respect and self rights

There is no candidate in the field who has the least claim upon a true American voter .

with public funds, and therefore had the support of many Irish-Catholics in New York, most of whom were

stance on the bill to avoid a split Democratic vote.; This refers to the Democratic candidates who were

For more information see Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American

public printing to an Irishman named Denman, who publishes a Catholic paper, the Truth Teller , in this city

The Corporation Attorney was the individual tasked with handling the city's legal affairs, and at the

Ellison History of the Office of the Corporation Counsel of the City of New York (New York: Martin B.

They threatened, unless these things were promised them, still to stand out, or throw their votes in

For more information see Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American

The Corporation Attorney was the individual tasked with handling the city's legal affairs, and at the

Ellison History of the Office of the Corporation Counsel of the City of New York (New York: Martin B.

the passage of a heavily amended Maclay bill in the state senate, hastily passed before the New York City

elections to give Democratic candidates for city positions an edge over their Whig counterparts.

This shady deal ensured that two no-votes were absent while only one yes-vote was absent, leaving the

See Diane Ravitch, The Great School Wars: A History of the New York City Public Schools (Baltimore: The

He has posted himself to the whole city as an unprincipled liar!

the passage of a heavily amended Maclay bill in the state senate, hastily passed before the New York City

elections to give Democratic candidates for city positions an edge over their Whig counterparts.

This shady deal ensured that two no-votes were absent while only one yes-vote was absent, leaving the

See Diane Ravitch, The Great School Wars: A History of the New York City Public Schools (Baltimore: The

Democratic Party and, more specifically, Tammany Hall, the center of Democratic political power in New York City

southern tip of Manhattan, the Battery was formerly a system of gun emplacements for defense of New York City

southern tip of Manhattan, the Battery was formerly a system of gun emplacements for defense of New York City

Maclay, who was the chair of the Committee on Colleges, Academies, and Common Schools for New York City

In 1841, before the Maclay Bill was proposed, two senate and 13 assembly seats were up for reelection

The Democratic Party also ran three candidates who were not endorsed by the Catholic Association and

We were in hopes that there were some remnants of spirit in the bosoms of the democratic leaders at Albany—remnants

through the means of votes from men who have any American feeling.

Maclay, who was the chair of the Committee on Colleges, Academies, and Common Schools for New York City

Liberty 3 (2008): 267.; In 1841, before the Maclay Bill was proposed, two senate and 13 assembly seats were

The Democratic Party also ran three candidates who were not endorsed by the Catholic Association and

Pratt, "Religious Conflict in the Development of the New York City Public School System," History of

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840-43," American Nineteenth

See Joann Krieg, Walt Whitman and the Irish (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press), 40-45.

Morris (1808–1855) was the Democratic candidate and the incumbent for the New York City Mayoral election

Its Religious Discontents, 1805-1840," American Education History Journal 37, no. 2 (2010): 455–471.

Belohlavek, "John Tyler: The Accidental President," The Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007):

According to the 1841 Journal of the American Temperance Union , regular meetings were held at Washington

See Joann Krieg, Walt Whitman and the Irish (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press), 40-45.

Morris (1808–1855) was the Democratic candidate and the incumbent for the New York City Mayoral election

Its Religious Discontents, 1805-1840," American Education History Journal 37, no. 2 (2010): 455–471.

Belohlavek, "John Tyler: The Accidental President," The Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007):

According to the 1841 Journal of the American Temperance Union, regular meetings were held at Washington

It is almost needless to add that our mind swells with gratitude to those inhabitants of our city, and

over our heads, encourages us more and more in our determination to render Aurora the paper of the city

We glory in being true Americans . And we profess to impress Aurora with the same spirit.

We have taken high American ground—not the ground of exclusiveness, of partiality, of bigotted bias against

prospects cloudless and aspirations lofty, and evidences of public favor which, we proudly boast, were

However, Whitman also opposed the Native American Party, which explicitly opposed Irish Catholic immigration

— A great fight came off last evening between Mike Walsh's Spartans The Spartans were a nativist group

of American-born and Irish Protestants that feared the rise of the Irish Catholics in New York.

Centre Street, in the Lower Manhattan area of New York City, extends from Park Row to the intersection

In the nineteenth century, it was less than a block from the Five Points intersection in the city's 6th

True, they are occasionally rather fond of a "muss," but they are imbued with the true blue American

The Spartans were a nativist group of American-born and Irish Protestants that feared the rise of the

of Rebellion (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005).; Centre Street, in the Lower Manhattan area of New York City

In the nineteenth century, it was less than a block from the Five Points intersection in the city's 6th

They were as follows. President: James Tallmadge (NY).

Bartlett (MA) ( The American Laborer [New York: Greeley & McElrath, 1843], 1: 35).

We hope the American nation will not allow these hypocrites to deceive them.

The Home League are in favor of strong measures to protect American manufactures.

It would be far better, were the national expenses paid by direct taxation.

.; The "great guns" were likely the leaders of the Home League speaking at the National Home Industry

They were as follows. President: James Tallmadge (NY).

Bartlett (MA) (The American Laborer [New York: Greeley & McElrath, 1843], 1: 35).; A Protective Tariff

They were a common policy of the early nineteenth century until the Compromise Tariff of 1833, which

called for a "gradual reduction of duties until the year 1842, when they were to be 20 percent, or under

Tammany Hall, founded in 1786, was the New York City headquarters of the Democratic Party that played

a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics.

From the 1840s onward, Irish Catholics that resided in the city held the majority of power.

Gover, The Tammany Hall Democracy of the City of New York (New York: Martin B. Brown, 1875), 5–6.

.; Tammany Hall, founded in 1786, was the New York City headquarters of the Democratic Party that played

a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics.

From the 1840s onward, Irish Catholics that resided in the city held the majority of power.

Gover, The Tammany Hall Democracy of the City of New York (New York: Martin B.

John's Hall is now one of the four residence halls at Fordham University in New York City.

They knelt to the Pope himself; Americans , to the abjectest menials of the Pope.

has usurped Anglo-American power. they are content to be thus servile!

Let them act as men —come out, as American patriots, and defy the priest Hughes to do his worst.

It were better that all should be lost, than such a precedent established.

John's Hall is now one of the four residence halls at Fordham University in New York City.

John's College, was founded in 1841 by Hughes (Richard Panchyk, Catholic New York City [New York: Arcadia

pots and kettles, and does other menial services in the kitchen" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American

For more on Tammany Hall, see: Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American

has usurped Anglo-American power.; From Scene II, Act III of William Shakespeare's Macbeth.; Most likely