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Founded as a fraternal order on May 12, 1789, the group became a growing Democratic power in New York City

We were about waking the youngster, when a watchman who, unseen by us, had been leaning against the iron

Prior to the works of authors like Charles Dickens and Lewis Carroll, children were viewed primarily

How true their notions of the subject were, bear witness poor Oliver, and crazed Barnaby, and pathetic

Dickens's social criticisms were not always well received in the United States, but Whitman adored his

Founded as a fraternal order on May 12, 1789, the group became a growing Democratic power in New York City

Prior to the works of authors like Charles Dickens and Lewis Carroll, children were viewed primarily

Dickens's social criticisms were not always well received in the United States, but Whitman adored his

Barnaby Rudge is the main character of Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of Eighty, an American Revolution-era

We were never brought up to rejoice at the defeat of democratic candidates.

Tammany Hall, the headquarters of the Democratic political machine in New York, dominated the city's

For it is little that the presiding officer of the city is of her side, while all the essentials of power

.; Tammany Hall, the headquarters of the Democratic political machine in New York, dominated the city's

This tale is the last of nine short stories by Whitman that were published for the first time in The

Yet if it were possible for envy to enter among the Creatures Beautiful, many would have pined for the

Such were the futile wishes of the criminal.

it—that great city, shrouded in the depths of night, and its many thousands slumbering.

Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American Antiquarian Society.

This tale is the last of nine short stories by Whitman that were published for the first time in The

"; Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American Antiquarian Society.

He obtained his wealth through selling goods to American revolutionaries as well as investing in ships

He obtained his wealth through selling goods to American revolutionaries as well as investing in ships

slavery is demonstrated in Leaves of Grass by the way in which he consistently includes African Americans

, various Whitman texts show that he had little tolerance for abolitionism, that he thought blacks were

It would be well if the English abolitionists were to reflect upon it.

has been used less often to portray the UK ("John Bull and Uncle Sam: Four Centuries of British-American

In England, nine-tenths of the population do not enjoy the common comforts of life.

slavery is demonstrated in Leaves of Grass by the way in which he consistently includes African Americans

, various Whitman texts show that he had little tolerance for abolitionism, that he thought blacks were

has been used less often to portray the UK ("John Bull and Uncle Sam: Four Centuries of British-American

— A great fight came off last evening between Mike Walsh's Spartans The Spartans were a nativist group

of American-born and Irish Protestants that feared the rise of the Irish Catholics in New York.

Centre Street, in the Lower Manhattan area of New York City, extends from Park Row to the intersection

In the nineteenth century, it was less than a block from the Five Points intersection in the city's 6th

True, they are occasionally rather fond of a "muss," but they are imbued with the true blue American

The Spartans were a nativist group of American-born and Irish Protestants that feared the rise of the

of Rebellion (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005).; Centre Street, in the Lower Manhattan area of New York City

In the nineteenth century, it was less than a block from the Five Points intersection in the city's 6th

the southern tip of Manhattan served as a gun emplacement and fortress for the defense of New York City

The crowd and the jam were tremendous.

Upon the Battery, pedestrians, singly and in groups, were enjoying the lazy breeze as it wafted along

American Eclipse famously defeated Sir Henry in 1823 at the Union Course.

cities of the period (Arne K.

the southern tip of Manhattan served as a gun emplacement and fortress for the defense of New York City

American Eclipse famously defeated Sir Henry in 1823 at the Union Course.

According to one source, the combined spectatorship at the race was larger than all but three American

cities of the period (Arne K.

Lang, Sports Betting and Bookmaking: An American History [New York: Rowman and Littfield, 2016], 1).

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840-43,"  American Nineteenth

Before long, as many as two hundred were out, and arranged in rude, military style—most of them carrying

The inhabitants of the neighborhood were kept up till morning, without sleep, in very fear that the next

All this occurred in the vicinity of the Cathedral, which, the Irish were told, was in danger of attack

from American Protestants.

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840-43," American Nineteenth

This tale is the sixth of nine short stories by Whitman that were published for the first time in The

Families were divided; adherents to the crown, and ardent upholders of the rebellion, were often found

At one period there were efforts made to have the whole affair investigated.

They thought him mad; his words were so incoherent and strange.

—and the Last Soldier of King George had left the American shores.

This tale is the sixth of nine short stories by Whitman that were published for the first time in The

The entire preceeding paragraph is omitted.; Whitman is referring to the American War of Independence

between Britain—ruled by King George III— and the North American colonies that sought independence from

Whitman's short story "The Last of the Sacred Army" (March 1842) also deals with the American Revolution

the top of the side of a ship.; Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American

Our worthy contemporaries, the Sun and the Tribune, The Sun was a New York City based daily newspaper

The Sun aimed to attract the increasingly literate populations of the working class.

Even though it featured many sensationalized stories that were discredited, The Sun persisted in some

Greeley intended for the paper to tell unbiased news, his social views associated with abolitionism were

This is a reference to the New York City Democratic Party.

.; The Sun was a New York City based daily newspaper that was founded in 1833 and initially edited by

The Sun aimed to attract the increasingly literate populations of the working class.

Even though it featured many sensationalized stories that were discredited, The Sun persisted in some

Greeley intended for the paper to tell unbiased news, his social views associated with abolitionism were

For more information on this struggle, see: Diane Ravitch, The Great School Wars: New York City, 1805

Were we permitted to give the name of our correspondent, our readers would perceive with what propriety

who claims that the Aurora 's politics border on fanaticism in its concentration on exclusively "American

Whitman argued that the influx of foreign culture and custom was trampling "American" principles of life

And now the public can see what kind of Americanism will characterize the Aurora.

It would be affectation, were we to pretend not to understand what the instances alluded to.

defined as "[t]he principles of those who advocate extreme measures" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American

who claims that the Aurora's politics border on fanaticism in its concentration on exclusively "American

" topics.; Whitman argued that the influx of foreign culture and custom was trampling "American" principles

editor John O'Sullivan in his article "The Great Nation of Futurity," in which O'Sullivan wrote: "The American

minute detail of conduct in a ceremony or in observance of a code" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American

For further reading, see: Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York

We read it with pleasure through three or four pages, when, all of a sudden, how were our eyes startled

Dickens, and that it expresses the utmost satisfaction with the complimentary course pursued by the Americans

—this loathsome agent of damnation claims the additional merit of having been spawned, not in an American

For further reading, see: Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York

Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party's center of power in New York City and its headquarters.

Tammany controlled politics in New York City by means of bribery, political appointments, and securing

the support of new immigrants who were welcomed into the Party.

The fanning of flames of discord, and the attempts of a moiety According to the American Dictionary of

Morris was defeated in 1844 by the nativist American Republicans, and their candidate, James Harper.

.; Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party's center of power in New York City and its headquarters.

Tammany controlled politics in New York City by means of bribery, political appointments, and securing

the support of new immigrants who were welcomed into the Party.

Morris was defeated in 1844 by the nativist American Republicans, and their candidate, James Harper.

Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (Oxford: Oxford University Press

These were brought up to the platform in the centre, and each of the silver ornaments we have described

The main floor, on which we were, was occupied exclusively by men.

Still we could not divest ourselves of the thought that we were amid the people of ancient Jewry; the

there scene vanished from our eyes; the uncouth jabber, and the fantastic garb of the worshippers were

We were in the holy city.

George Alexander Kohut, "A Literary Autobiography of Mordecai Manuel Noah," Publications of the American

Were communities so constituted that to prune their errors, the only thing necessary should be the passage

The place where this bloody massacre occurred is Cabool Cabool (Kabul) was an Afghani capital city with

a population of 60,000 (circa 1831–1833).

Whitman mentions the city's fortification; the city is built of sun-dried bricks and wood.

Journal Of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 33, no. 3 (2010): 1–21. , a fortified city, situated

between the northern United States and British North American colonies.

.; Cabool (Kabul) was an Afghani capital city with a population of 60,000 (circa 1831–1833).

Whitman mentions the city's fortification; the city is built of sun-dried bricks and wood.

Whitman brought this to light because the relations between Britain and the United States were still

tense after the War of 1812, and the Britain and the US were in the middle of negotiations of borders

between the northern United States and British North American colonies.

.— At most of the whig head quarters, yesterday, throughout the city, the flags were displayed at half

constitutional successor assumed his seat, elected precisely on the same grounds—yet, "ere those shoes were

were bid for them.

There were four of us.

Vain were their hopes.

Methought I was wandering through the cities of a mighty and populous empire.

People were hurrying up and down the streets. The children were dressed in gay clothes.

growing interest in the Washington Temperance Societies—named after George Washington—whose members were

The Washingtonians were known for their "experience meetings" in which former drunkards would tell the

Among temperance novels then quite popular were Lucius Manley Sargent's My Mother's Gold Ring (1833),

Cheever's The Commonplace Book of American Poetry (1831, but often reprinted), a standard anthology of

Wilson (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2014), 32–53.

However, "Zanoni" was an expanded version of "Zicci," and both were written by Lytton.

Hundreds of citizens were gulled into a purchase of the mammoth sheet by this announcement.

They went word for word, and line for line; occasionally patches were transposed and altered, so as to

However, "Zanoni" was an expanded version of "Zicci," and both were written by Lytton.; Our transcription

Americans, who have revelled in the lap of plenty, can have but a faint conception of the horror of the

instituted an enquiry into the actual state of the case, A number of organizations in England at the time were

Brettell), 1840, 3–8. and persons were appointed to the sad duty of visiting the regions of distress,

Think of these things, Americans!

In "Black and White Slaves" he writes, "In England, nine-tenths of the population do not enjoy the common

.; A number of organizations in England at the time were attempting to repeal Great Britain's Corn Laws

In "Black and White Slaves" he writes, "In England, nine-tenths of the population do not enjoy the common

Throughout the nineteenth century, there were many attempts to put Fourier's theories into practice,

bankism, high tarifism, Both the re-chartering of the National Bank and the institution of high tariffs were

Throughout the nineteenth century, there were many attempts to put Fourier's theories into practice,

Ralph Waldo Emerson.; Both the re-chartering of the National Bank and the institution of high tariffs were

yesterday, to see the humors of election, Whitman is referring to the recent elections for New York city

such children as shall be taken up or committed as vagrants, or convicted of offences in the said city

salle à manger," French for "dining room." they took their places, standing at the table, until all were

recognised by their countenances as having been paraded in the Sessions and before the Police, and were

The male portion of the establishment—which is the only portion we were permitted to see—appears to be

.; Whitman is referring to the recent elections for New York city council.; The "Society for the Reformation

such children as shall be taken up or committed as vagrants, or convicted of offences in the said city

The democratic head quarters, Tammany Hall, and the whig head quarters, National Hall, were filled with

nineteenth-century America, the Five Points neighborhood, the Tombs was a colloquial name for New York City's

America's Greatest Criminal Barracks': The Tombs and the Experience of Criminal Justice in New York City

mass of people—some attracted by curiosity, but most of them anxious to hear the returns, as they were

all sick , and were going home for the night," we did not think it judicious to attempt an entrance.

nineteenth-century America, the Five Points neighborhood, the Tombs was a colloquial name for New York City's

America's Greatest Criminal Barracks': The Tombs and the Experience of Criminal Justice in New York City

word bogtrotter had been applied specifically to the Irish as far back as 1682 (Noah Webster, An American

Sharpe, 2015], 254).; Bishop John Hughes (1797–1864) led the fight in New York City for parochial schools

Pronunciation, And Definitions Of Words [White and Sheffield, 1839], 106).; The Washington Grey's were

with public funds, and therefore had the support of many Irish-Catholics in New York, most of whom were

We are sure that there must be such men as American democrats in Tammany.

Where were they while this abominable game was going on?

Let them—we beseech them as American republicans —let them not cast away self respect and self rights

There is no candidate in the field who has the least claim upon a true American voter .

with public funds, and therefore had the support of many Irish-Catholics in New York, most of whom were

stance on the bill to avoid a split Democratic vote.; This refers to the Democratic candidates who were

Ireland, Records of the New York Stage, from 1750 to 1860 (New York: T. H.

By 1845, Sefton had played Jemmy Twitcher 360 times in New York City.

He achieved fame in New York City in the 1820s for his forceful and aggressive style of acting.

Intensely American himself, he Americanized the stage in this country."

the "first American actress of any importance to play major roles in England."

.; The Park Theater was located on Park Row, near City Hall Park, before burning down in 1848.; Arthur

Ireland, Records of the New York Stage, from 1750 to 1860 (New York: T. H.

By 1845, Sefton had played Jemmy Twitcher 360 times in New York City.

Intensely American himself, he Americanized the stage in this country."

the "first American actress of any importance to play major roles in England."

.— James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851) authored popular works of fiction that portrayed the North American

.; James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851) authored popular works of fiction that portrayed the North American

The first patterings of the tempest—the reveille —the portents of the coming battle—were to be seen and

Belohlavek, "John Tyler: The Accidental President," The Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007):

About six o'clock, we stepped over in front of the City Hall to see what was going on.

Smith The 1842-43 New York City Directory lists James M.

We presume respectable Americans would not grieve much were the "whole hog" Irish.

laufen, "to run," as "an idle man who seeks his living by sponging or expedients" (Noah Webster, An American

Belohlavek, "John Tyler: The Accidental President," The Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007):

Allen, The Tiger: the Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall (Addison–Wesley, 1993).; The 1842-43 New York City

=V000028; Whitman here is referencing Bishop John Hughes (1797–1864) who led the fight in New York City

Its Religious Discontents, 1805–1840," American Education History Journal 37, no. 2 (2010): 455–471.

But such is not the base whereon American warriors found their title to renown.

But these were far from being jars to the quiet spirit I have mentioned.

Methought I stood in a splendid city. It seemed a gala day.

And the crowd were hushed, and bent reverently, as if in a holy presence.

Upon the medal were the letters "G. W." The initials "G.

This tale is the fourth of nine short stories by Whitman that were published for the first time in The

Massachusetts, which was the site of much of the fighting of the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775) during the American

may refer to the fighting that took place near the Santee River in South Carolina, also during the American

refer to George Washington (1732–1799), the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American

Mouldering means decaying or rotting.; Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American

Whitman comments on the fraught politics of selecting the New York City legislative body in the April

A lazy person; a sluggard" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American Dictionary of the English Language

Their shouts and howls were perfectly terrific; and we are told the residents in that quarter of the

The Irish drew up a threatening front; but so indignant were the Americans who had been witnessing the

citizens were concerned in the affair, we can see nothing in their conduct to condemn.

Whitman comments on the fraught politics of selecting the New York City legislative body in the April

The Spartans were a Democratic faction lead by Mike Walsh (1810–1859) that was known for their working-class

For further information, see: Tyler Anbinder, Five Points: The Nineteenth-Century New York City Neighborhood‬

A lazy person; a sluggard" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American Dictionary of the English Language

The Sixth Ward, also called "Five Points," was a poor, predominantly Irish, neighborhood in New York City

They were as follows. President: James Tallmadge (NY).

Bartlett (MA) ( The American Laborer [New York: Greeley & McElrath, 1843], 1: 35).

We hope the American nation will not allow these hypocrites to deceive them.

The Home League are in favor of strong measures to protect American manufactures.

It would be far better, were the national expenses paid by direct taxation.

.; The "great guns" were likely the leaders of the Home League speaking at the National Home Industry

They were as follows. President: James Tallmadge (NY).

Bartlett (MA) (The American Laborer [New York: Greeley & McElrath, 1843], 1: 35).; A Protective Tariff

They were a common policy of the early nineteenth century until the Compromise Tariff of 1833, which

called for a "gradual reduction of duties until the year 1842, when they were to be 20 percent, or under

and Love A LEGEND OF LIFE AND LOVE This tale is the seventh of nine short stories by Whitman that were

Glossy hair clustered upon his head, and his cheeks were very brown from sunshine and open air.

"As I said, the dying lessons of him whom we reverenced were treasured in my soul.

We were blessed.

"Children were born to us—brave boys and fair girls.

This tale is the seventh of nine short stories by Whitman that were published for the first time in The

another term for grandfather.; Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American

Were we disposed to be fanciful, we might divide the body's life from the mind's life, and compare them

philosophy—sending our glance through the cool and verdant lanes, by the sides of the blue rivers, over the crowded city

Besides, were you willing to devote all your time and energies, you could gain property too: squeeze,

Our intellect would be sullied, were the vulgar to approximate to it, by professing to readily enter

The booming of the city clock sounded forth the hour twelve—high noon. "Ho! Lingave!"

His schemes for gaining wealth were various; he had dipped into almost every branch and channel of business

Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American Antiquarian Society.

"; Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American Antiquarian Society.

Whitman is likely referring to "City Hall Park."

In October 1842, Croton Fountain was unveiled in City Hall Park, which celebrated the completion of the

For a moment he waits, taking aim, as it were—leans his head slightly one side, cocks his eye with a

And here, were we disposed to be philosophical, we might expatiate at full length on the propriety of

Were it amiss to look on them, engaged as they are so earnestly—as but mimics of the strife that occupies

.; Whitman is likely referring to "City Hall Park."

In October 1842, Croton Fountain was unveiled in City Hall Park, which celebrated the completion of the

The exact measurement of a rod is five and a half yards (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American Dictionary

John's Hall is now one of the four residence halls at Fordham University in New York City.

They knelt to the Pope himself; Americans , to the abjectest menials of the Pope.

has usurped Anglo-American power. they are content to be thus servile!

Let them act as men —come out, as American patriots, and defy the priest Hughes to do his worst.

It were better that all should be lost, than such a precedent established.

John's Hall is now one of the four residence halls at Fordham University in New York City.

John's College, was founded in 1841 by Hughes (Richard Panchyk, Catholic New York City [New York: Arcadia

pots and kettles, and does other menial services in the kitchen" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American

For more on Tammany Hall, see: Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American

has usurped Anglo-American power.; From Scene II, Act III of William Shakespeare's Macbeth.; Most likely

For more information see Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American

public printing to an Irishman named Denman, who publishes a Catholic paper, the Truth Teller , in this city

The Corporation Attorney was the individual tasked with handling the city's legal affairs, and at the

Ellison History of the Office of the Corporation Counsel of the City of New York (New York: Martin B.

They threatened, unless these things were promised them, still to stand out, or throw their votes in

For more information see Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American

The Corporation Attorney was the individual tasked with handling the city's legal affairs, and at the

Ellison History of the Office of the Corporation Counsel of the City of New York (New York: Martin B.

Jonathan" stood for the "common" people and embodied conflicting views such as egalitarianism and American

Postal Guide and Official Advertiser 1, no. 1 [Washington D.C., 1850]: 163; Winifred Morgan, An American

Icon: Brother Jonathan and American Identity [London: Associated Press, 1988], 34–36). came out with

However, "Zanoni" was an expanded version of "Zicci," and both were written by Lytton.

Duyckinck, Cyclopedia of American Literature; Embracing Personal and Critical Notes of Authors [New York

Jonathan" stood for the "common" people and embodied conflicting views such as egalitarianism and American

Postal Guide and Official Advertiser 1, no. 1 [Washington D.C., 1850]: 163; Winifred Morgan, An American

Icon: Brother Jonathan and American Identity [London: Associated Press, 1988], 34–36).; Zanoni (1842

However, "Zanoni" was an expanded version of "Zicci," and both were written by Lytton.

Duyckinck, Cyclopedia of American Literature; Embracing Personal and Critical Notes of Authors [New York

They pay us the compliment of saying, that they consider it the best publication in the city.

Were it not that people would cry "tit for tat," we should say what we certainly think, that this good

It is almost impossible to calculate the number of papers that are printed in the city of New York.

In the nineteenth century it was one of the most influential papers in New York City, and one of the

His fame will endure as long as Americans retain a love for the beauty of sentiment or delicacy of style

The American A semi-weekly newspaper, the American (or the New York American ) was quite likely an anti-immigration

No man who reads the American can fail to form an opinion that its editor is a man of violent prejudices

In the nineteenth century it was one of the most influential papers in New York City, and one of the

New York Commercial Advertiser was founded by lexicographer and author Noah Webster in 1793 as the American

papers, and would later become a respected writer in his own right.; A semi-weekly newspaper, the American

(or the New York American) was quite likely an anti-immigration, nativist paper, possibly associated

lay, but also in obtaining the earliest foreign news from incoming vessels" (Frank Luther Mott, American

Webster Dictionary (1840), "plume" means "to pride; to value; to boast" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American

Whitman's sarcastic comment is poking fun at the self-perceived influence of New York City sixpenny dailies

, which were the more expensive subscription newspapers.

deign to notice the pennies, and two pennies At this time, the sixpenny dailies, or six-penny papers, were

Penny papers, however, were small, poorly printed, and sold on the street.

Webster Dictionary (1840), "plume" means "to pride; to value; to boast" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American

1840], 753).; Whitman's sarcastic comment is poking fun at the self-perceived influence of New York City

sixpenny dailies, which were the more expensive subscription newspapers.; At this time, the sixpenny

dailies, or six-penny papers, were often distributed through subscription.

Penny papers, however, were small, poorly printed, and sold on the street.

is based on Thomas Ollive Mabbott, "Walt Whitman Edits the Sunday Times, July, 1842-June, 1843, American

A few days ago we were quietly treading our way among the bales, boxes and crates upon one of the East

knowledge of his is of far greater value than all the fanciful smattering that is usually caught up in the city

But we were speaking of the ocean—that eternal fountain of the sublime and mysterious.

The article makes a case for English action against American slavery wherein troops of African descent

Suppose our emissaries were to do what could be done in Ireland; and suppose the down trodden mass in

pro-independence political leader and Member of Parliament Daniel O'Connell (1775–1847), was that American

The article makes a case for English action against American slavery wherein troops of African descent

pro-independence political leader and Member of Parliament Daniel O'Connell (1775–1847), was that American

the purpose of practically exercising their rights—rights which they claim under the great Bill of American

Were we a resident of Rhode Island, we should be a revolutioniser, in the front rank.

Maclay, who was the chair of the Committee on Colleges, Academies, and Common Schools for New York City

In 1841, before the Maclay Bill was proposed, two senate and 13 assembly seats were up for reelection

The Democratic Party also ran three candidates who were not endorsed by the Catholic Association and

We were in hopes that there were some remnants of spirit in the bosoms of the democratic leaders at Albany—remnants

through the means of votes from men who have any American feeling.

Maclay, who was the chair of the Committee on Colleges, Academies, and Common Schools for New York City

Liberty 3 (2008): 267.; In 1841, before the Maclay Bill was proposed, two senate and 13 assembly seats were

The Democratic Party also ran three candidates who were not endorsed by the Catholic Association and

Pratt, "Religious Conflict in the Development of the New York City Public School System," History of

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840-43," American Nineteenth

See Carolee Inskeep, The Graveyard Shift: A Family Historian's Guide to New York City Cemeteries (New

It may possibly not be known to all our readers that in the eastern section of the city great excitement

We were thrilled at reading the anecdote given above.

See Carolee Inskeep, The Graveyard Shift: A Family Historian's Guide to New York City Cemeteries (New

over school funding in New York, see: Edwin Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43," American Nineteenth

For our own part, we do not think the city could select a more worthy man than he who at present occupies

By foreigner, Whitman is referring to the Irish Catholic immigrants in New York City.

The Tammany party want, here in New York, a newspaper bold, manly, able, and American in its tenor; a

over school funding in New York, see: Edwin Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43," American Nineteenth

Democratic Party in New York, see: Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American

reelection in 1843.; By foreigner, Whitman is referring to the Irish Catholic immigrants in New York City

drained Europe of her blood and her treasures, that the nations sympathetically, mechanically as it were

England, in spite of her debt, and the miseries of a vast portion of her population, has increased her

From 1839–1842 England and the Qing dynasty of China were engaged in what was known as the First Opium

The United States and England were, at this time, engaged in an ongoing dispute over the border between

See Howard Jones, To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1793–1843 (Chapel

From 1839–1842 England and the Qing dynasty of China were engaged in what was known as the First Opium

A line from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1, line 270.; The United States and England were

See Howard Jones, To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1793–1843 (Chapel

5 o'clock yesterday afternoon, a collection of people began to congregate in the Park, Most likely City

Hall Park, near the intersection of Broadway and Park Row in lower Manhattan, just south of New York City

Purdy (birth and death dates unknown) served on the New York City council as President of the Board of

Valentine, Manual of the Corporation of the City of New York for 1853 [New York City: McSpedon & Baker

A great portion of the audience were women.

.; Most likely City Hall Park, near the intersection of Broadway and Park Row in lower Manhattan, just

south of New York City Hall.; Elijah F.

Purdy (birth and death dates unknown) served on the New York City council as President of the Board of

Valentine, Manual of the Corporation of the City of New York for 1853 [New York City: McSpedon & Baker

In 1842, he was listed in the New York City directory as being a coal inspector or coal measurer, but

Lossing, History of New York City: An Outline Sketch of Events from 1609 to 1830, and a Full Account

For further reading, see: Leo Hershkowitz, "The Mill Street Synagogue Reconsidered," American Jewish

Rock, "The Early Years of American Jewish History: Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society

and the Minute Books of Congregation Shearith Israel," American Jewish History 99, no. 2 (2015): 119

And there we were amid the Jews worshipping in their temple.

Lossing, History of New York City: An Outline Sketch of Events from 1609 to 1830, and a Full Account

For further reading, see: Leo Hershkowitz, "The Mill Street Synagogue Reconsidered," American Jewish

Rock, "The Early Years of American Jewish History: Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society

and the Minute Books of Congregation Shearith Israel," American Jewish History 99, no. 2 (2015): 119

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