Search Results

For further reading on laudanum, see: Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, American Journal

For further reading on laudanum, see: Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, American Journal

See Stephen Mintz Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Park, located on the southernmost tip of Manhattan, was formerly an artillery battery to protect the city

We should be better pleased were our city government to have more parks—more open places, where a man

See Stephen Mintz Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Park, located on the southernmost tip of Manhattan, was formerly an artillery battery to protect the city

For more information, see Amy Bridges, A City in the Republic: Antebellum New York and the Origins of

For the honor of American principle and feelings, our birthrights by inheritance, we should hope not.

Next fall if Tammany yields, her ascendency in this city is lost forever.

Krieg, Walt Whitman and the Irish (Iowa City: Iowa University Press), 16.

The Five Points was a region of the city where Worth, Baxter, and Park streets all intersected.

Tammany Hall was the central organization of the Democratic Party in New York City during the antebellum

period, and Irish Democrats increasingly influenced the city's politics, a fact that Whitman, as editor

For more information, see Amy Bridges, A City in the Republic: Antebellum New York and the Origins of

of New York City, of which the Five Points is the center.

The Five Points was a region of the city where Worth, Baxter, and Park streets all intersected.

the passage of a heavily amended Maclay bill in the state senate, hastily passed before the New York City

elections to give Democratic candidates for city positions an edge over their Whig counterparts.

This shady deal ensured that two no-votes were absent while only one yes-vote was absent, leaving the

See Diane Ravitch, The Great School Wars: A History of the New York City Public Schools (Baltimore: The

He has posted himself to the whole city as an unprincipled liar!

the passage of a heavily amended Maclay bill in the state senate, hastily passed before the New York City

elections to give Democratic candidates for city positions an edge over their Whig counterparts.

This shady deal ensured that two no-votes were absent while only one yes-vote was absent, leaving the

See Diane Ravitch, The Great School Wars: A History of the New York City Public Schools (Baltimore: The

Democratic Party and, more specifically, Tammany Hall, the center of Democratic political power in New York City

yard in Chrystie street—that have caused so much excitement of late in the eastern section of the city

graves, possibly in search of cadavers for medical education, a phenomenon not unusual in New York City

If we were asked the particular trait of national character from which might be apprehended the greatest

But it has been reserved for our city to put the damning climax to these deeds that disgrace humanity

the very wickedest criminal at Sing Sing Sing Sing was a prison located 32 miles north of New York City

graves, possibly in search of cadavers for medical education, a phenomenon not unusual in New York City

no. 2 (2003): 55–71, especially 66–67.; Sing Sing was a prison located 32 miles north of New York City

see: Lee Bernstein, "The Hudson River School of Incarceration: Sing Sing in Antebellum New York," American

The "school question" refers to the controversy surrounding early 1840s public schooling in New York City

By the 1840s, over a full third of the population of New York City consisted of immigrants, nearly half

of which were Irish.

"Where" asks the writer, "are the thunders of the American press?"

Alas, were we to publish what he has written, we should hear enough of those, with not enough of American

The "school question" refers to the controversy surrounding early 1840s public schooling in New York City

Irish Catholics were by far the most vocal and politically influential group opposing the teaching methods

of New York City consisted of immigrants, nearly half of which were Irish.

with having to subject their children to the teachings of a Protestant curriculum, where educators were

directly opposed those of the largely Democratic working class and immigrant population (James Grant

It is almost needless to add that our mind swells with gratitude to those inhabitants of our city, and

over our heads, encourages us more and more in our determination to render Aurora the paper of the city

We glory in being true Americans . And we profess to impress Aurora with the same spirit.

We have taken high American ground—not the ground of exclusiveness, of partiality, of bigotted bias against

prospects cloudless and aspirations lofty, and evidences of public favor which, we proudly boast, were

However, Whitman also opposed the Native American Party, which explicitly opposed Irish Catholic immigration

Mott, A History of American Magazines, 1741–1930 [Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958], 1: 718–

promote the liberal politics of the Democratic party, as well as to provide a forum for contemporary American

This tale is Whitman's earliest known short story and the first of nine stories by Whitman that were

Mott, A History of American Magazines, 1741–1930 [Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958], 1: 718–

In 1842, Great Britain and the United States were engaged in a series of land disputes over territory

The resulting standoff between American and British forces became known as the Aroostook War, despite

Magoc, Imperialism and Expansionism in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia

There speaks the soul of a man of sense, and an American true!

Tyler then speaks of the depreciation of American credit.

.; In 1842, Great Britain and the United States were engaged in a series of land disputes over territory

the boundary had been a matter of debate ever since the Treaty of Paris (1783) that concluded the American

The resulting standoff between American and British forces became known as the Aroostook War, despite

Magoc, Imperialism and Expansionism in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia

He also believed that such redistribution would bring financial stability to many states that were, at

See Joann Krieg, Walt Whitman and the Irish (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press), 40-45.

Morris (1808–1855) was the Democratic candidate and the incumbent for the New York City Mayoral election

Its Religious Discontents, 1805-1840," American Education History Journal 37, no. 2 (2010): 455–471.

Belohlavek, "John Tyler: The Accidental President," The Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007):

According to the 1841 Journal of the American Temperance Union , regular meetings were held at Washington

See Joann Krieg, Walt Whitman and the Irish (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press), 40-45.

Morris (1808–1855) was the Democratic candidate and the incumbent for the New York City Mayoral election

Its Religious Discontents, 1805-1840," American Education History Journal 37, no. 2 (2010): 455–471.

Belohlavek, "John Tyler: The Accidental President," The Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007):

According to the 1841 Journal of the American Temperance Union, regular meetings were held at Washington

Man of cities!

They had no acquaintance; and to beg they were ashamed.

her faculties were becoming dim.

When she did, her first efforts were essayed to reach Gilbert's grave.

Without doubt she wished many times that she were laid beside him.

This tale is the fourth of nine short stories by Whitman that were published for the first time in The

"; Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American Antiquarian Society.

Aurora has been roaring very loudly and ably, though somewhat savagely, on behalf of the Native Americans

"Native American" here refers to a nativist party of American-born Protestants whose policies were primarily

The first native American party in New York appeared under the name "American Republican Party" in 1843

Immigrant Identity and the Politics of Citizenship: A Collection of Articles from the Journal of American

Let us have a Native American party.

.; "Native American" here refers to a nativist party of American-born Protestants whose policies were

The first native American party in New York appeared under the name "American Republican Party" in 1843

Immigrant Identity and the Politics of Citizenship: A Collection of Articles from the Journal of American

We stood upon the steps of the City Hall about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and saw the passage of the

Thousands of people were gathered together in the Park to witness the scene.

First came a banner bearing the head of Washington, immediately after which were a body of firemen.

We question whether any city in the world can turn out a more manly set of young fellows.

Once make temperance a favorite and fashionable custom among the young men of our city, and the whole

.; The Washingtonians were an organization of reformed alcoholics, mostly made up of members of the working

Sisters': Class and Domesticity in the Washingtonian Temperance Movement, 1840–1850," The Journal of American

Tammany Hall was a Democratic Party organization in New York City (Hon. William C.

Gover, The Tammany Hall Democracy of the City of New York [New York: Martin B. Brown, 1875], 5–6).

He was a Democrat and resided in New York City much of his life.

a master of procedure of the common law system ( Report of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the American

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43," American Nineteenth

.; Tammany Hall was a Democratic Party organization in New York City (Hon. William C.

Gover, The Tammany Hall Democracy of the City of New York [New York: Martin B.

.; Daniel Dudley Field II (1805–1894) was a lawyer and a long-standing influential member of the American

He was a Democrat and resided in New York City much of his life.

Sedgwick (1812–1868), who practiced law in New York City and served in the state legislature.; Likely

and Rector, a church that has stood at that location since 1808 ("History," Grace Church in New York City

The first cannons were placed there in defense of New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) when it

and Rector, a church that has stood at that location since 1808 ("History," Grace Church in New York City

The first cannons were placed there in defense of New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) when it

We were represented there each day.

Both novels, however, were written by Lytton.

lemonade, and then drove home, where we arrived in abundant season to see that the friends of the Aurora were

Both novels, however, were written by Lytton.

Broadway borders City Hall Park on the west.

Near the City Hotel The City hotel was located at 123 Broadway "between Cedar and Thames streets."

See Thomas Longworth, Longworth's American Almanac, New-York Register, and City Directory (New York:

The Globe Hotel was located at 66 Broadway in New York City.

He wrote, "The chief street of a great city is a curious epitome of the life of the city; and when that

was located at 162 Nassau Street in New York's so-called "Newspaper Row," just across Park Row from City

It had several features that were unheard of in contemporary hotels. According to Edwin G.

See Thomas Longworth, Longworth's American Almanac, New-York Register, and City Directory (New York:

Gideon, 1841), 14.; The Globe Hotel was located at 66 Broadway in New York City.

He wrote, "The chief street of a great city is a curious epitome of the life of the city; and when that

.— Few days in the week are more interesting for a promenade in our stirring city than Saturday, for

tip of Manhattan, by the 1840s, the Battery had become a promenade and park for New Yorkers. hosts were

Here a group were gazing upon the tempting array in the toy shops; there, others were feasting their

Whitman and the Aurora were strongly opposed to the bill, and despite Whitman's optimism here that the

Whitman and the Aurora were strongly opposed to the bill, and despite Whitman's optimism here that the

.— We understand that the Senatorial delegation from this city Referring to the New York state senate

Tammany Hall, founded in 1786, was the New York City headquarters of the Democratic Party that played

a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics.

From the 1840s onward, Irish Catholics that resided in the city held the majority of power.

Gover, The Tammany Hall Democracy of the City of New York (New York: Martin B. Brown, 1875), 5–6.

.; Tammany Hall, founded in 1786, was the New York City headquarters of the Democratic Party that played

a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics.

From the 1840s onward, Irish Catholics that resided in the city held the majority of power.

Gover, The Tammany Hall Democracy of the City of New York (New York: Martin B.

Three persons were burnt to death.

No less than one hundred houses were destroyed, depriving one thousand persons of a home" ( The Fireman

Then there were stacks of furniture upon the sidewalks and even in the street; puddles of water, and

crushed as they were crushed!

For our own part, we were never more interested in our life. Then there was music.

Three persons were burnt to death.

No less than one hundred houses were destroyed, depriving one thousand persons of a home" (The Fireman

Wisdom, a reformed alcoholic, who helped form the Washington Temperance Society in New York City.

An American slave revolt occurred in November 1841 on a United States slave ship called the Creole .

British officials there ruled that the slaves were free upon arrival, and they had the right to use force

to gain freedom because they were held illegally as slaves.

.; An American slave revolt occurred in November 1841 on a United States slave ship called the Creole

British officials there ruled that the slaves were free upon arrival, and they had the right to use force

to gain freedom because they were held illegally as slaves.

inspiration, the joys of the wine-cup, been the theme of Romance and Poem; it is time that the paint were

"Reuben's Last Wish" and another fiction work, " The Madman ," were unknown to twentieth-century literary

Holloway announced both finds in the January 1956 issue of American Literature : see Emory Holloway,

"More Temperance Tales by Whitman," American Literature 27 (January 1956): 577–578.

The Washington temperance societies, part of the Washingtonian temperance movement, were popular in New

Several persons were standing around him.

.]; "Reuben's Last Wish" and another fiction work, "The Madman," were unknown to twentieth-century literary

Holloway announced both finds in the January 1956 issue of American Literature: see Emory Holloway, "

More Temperance Tales by Whitman," American Literature 27 (January 1956): 577–578.

The Washington temperance societies, part of the Washingtonian temperance movement, were popular in New

explained, listening to narratives like the remarks and advice on temperance described here, which were

Morris is re-elected mayor of the city. Robert H.

Morris (1808–1855), 64th mayor of New York City, was first elected mayor in 1841, and in 1842 was running

city's politics.

Is it not a pleasant spectacle for an American to look upon?

Has it come to be, that Irishman is a better title to office, here, than American ?

Morris (1808–1855), 64th mayor of New York City, was first elected mayor in 1841, and in 1842 was running

Morris was also reelected mayor in 1843, and subsequently served as Postmaster of the city and then as

Wards became less important in mayoral politics after the consolidation of New York City in 1898 into

city's politics.

(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).; The New York City Council, often referred to during this

For a complete list of revisions to the language of the Franklin Evans version of the story that were

Early Youth" section of Specimen Days and Collect (1882), these two paragraphs of narrative framing were

He seemed to be looked upon by the others as a sort of prompter, from whom they were to take cue.

A second, third and fourth time were the glasses filled, and the effect thereof began to be perceived

At the end of that hour, the words "perhaps when you arrive she may be dead ," were not effaced from

For a complete list of revisions to the language of the Franklin Evans version of the story that were

Early Youth" section of Specimen Days and Collect (1882), these two paragraphs of narrative framing were

Meetings in which speakers described their conversion experiences were an important part of the Washington

If our city would send to the national legislature two mechanics, one merchant, and one man of moderate

Our city, in its political bearings and influence, has a great control over a large portion of the Union

"We've Been Here Before: William Henry Harrison Showed Rich Presidential Candidates How to Win," American

"We've Been Here Before: William Henry Harrison Showed Rich Presidential Candidates How to Win," American

Vol. 1 [New York: The American News Company, 1864], 7–11).

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43," American Nineteenth

Matsell (1811–1877) was a Democrat who, in 1840, was appointed police commissioner of New York City at

When we came up, they were just in the crisis of their game, and occupying clear across the walk.

And so we concocted this foregoing (what were you about, at half past 8, last night, dear reader?)

Vol. 1 [New York: The American News Company, 1864], 7–11).

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43," American Nineteenth

Matsell (1811–1877) was a Democrat who, in 1840, was appointed police commissioner of New York City at

31 years old, making him the youngest individual to ever receive the appointment (William Hunt, American

was noted that the plagiarized piece went "word for word, and line for line; occasionally patches were

See Howard Jones, To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1783-1843 (Chapel

Were this country to throw her whole strength into a contest with Great Britain, she could humble that

See Howard Jones, To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1783-1843 (Chapel

The Spartans were able to take control of Tammany Hall nominating conventions in 1842 and named their

For further reading, see Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American

Flood, The Encyclopeia of New York City, Second Edition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010).

The windows and blinds were completely smashed.

But singularly enough, there were numerous objects totally uninjured, (we were informed that all was

The Spartans were able to take control of Tammany Hall nominating conventions in 1842 and named their

For further reading, see Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American

Flood, The Encyclopeia of New York City, Second Edition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010).

Norton and Company, 2014), 33–38.; Located in the Five Points neighborhood in New York City, the Sixth

For further reading, see: Kevin Kenny, New Directions in Irish-American History (Madison: University

southern tip of Manhattan, the Battery was formerly a system of gun emplacements for defense of New York City

southern tip of Manhattan, the Battery was formerly a system of gun emplacements for defense of New York City

Lossing, History of New York City: An Outline Sketch of Events from 1609 to 1830, and a Full Account

For further reading, see: Leo Hershkowitz, "The Mill Street Synagogue Reconsidered," American Jewish

Rock, "The Early Years of American Jewish History: Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society

and the Minute Books of Congregation Shearith Israel," American Jewish History 99, no. 2 (2015): 119

And there we were amid the Jews worshipping in their temple.

Lossing, History of New York City: An Outline Sketch of Events from 1609 to 1830, and a Full Account

For further reading, see: Leo Hershkowitz, "The Mill Street Synagogue Reconsidered," American Jewish

Rock, "The Early Years of American Jewish History: Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society

and the Minute Books of Congregation Shearith Israel," American Jewish History 99, no. 2 (2015): 119

Barletta, "In Defense of the Ionic Frieze of the Parthenon," American Journal of Archaeology 113, no.

5 o'clock yesterday afternoon, a collection of people began to congregate in the Park, Most likely City

Hall Park, near the intersection of Broadway and Park Row in lower Manhattan, just south of New York City

Purdy (birth and death dates unknown) served on the New York City council as President of the Board of

Valentine, Manual of the Corporation of the City of New York for 1853 [New York City: McSpedon & Baker

A great portion of the audience were women.

.; Most likely City Hall Park, near the intersection of Broadway and Park Row in lower Manhattan, just

south of New York City Hall.; Elijah F.

Purdy (birth and death dates unknown) served on the New York City council as President of the Board of

Valentine, Manual of the Corporation of the City of New York for 1853 [New York City: McSpedon & Baker

In 1842, he was listed in the New York City directory as being a coal inspector or coal measurer, but

drained Europe of her blood and her treasures, that the nations sympathetically, mechanically as it were

England, in spite of her debt, and the miseries of a vast portion of her population, has increased her

From 1839–1842 England and the Qing dynasty of China were engaged in what was known as the First Opium

The United States and England were, at this time, engaged in an ongoing dispute over the border between

See Howard Jones, To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1793–1843 (Chapel

From 1839–1842 England and the Qing dynasty of China were engaged in what was known as the First Opium

A line from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Act 3, Scene 1, line 270.; The United States and England were

See Howard Jones, To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1793–1843 (Chapel

over school funding in New York, see: Edwin Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43," American Nineteenth

For our own part, we do not think the city could select a more worthy man than he who at present occupies

By foreigner, Whitman is referring to the Irish Catholic immigrants in New York City.

The Tammany party want, here in New York, a newspaper bold, manly, able, and American in its tenor; a

over school funding in New York, see: Edwin Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43," American Nineteenth

Democratic Party in New York, see: Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American

reelection in 1843.; By foreigner, Whitman is referring to the Irish Catholic immigrants in New York City

See Carolee Inskeep, The Graveyard Shift: A Family Historian's Guide to New York City Cemeteries (New

It may possibly not be known to all our readers that in the eastern section of the city great excitement

We were thrilled at reading the anecdote given above.

See Carolee Inskeep, The Graveyard Shift: A Family Historian's Guide to New York City Cemeteries (New

Maclay, who was the chair of the Committee on Colleges, Academies, and Common Schools for New York City

In 1841, before the Maclay Bill was proposed, two senate and 13 assembly seats were up for reelection

The Democratic Party also ran three candidates who were not endorsed by the Catholic Association and

We were in hopes that there were some remnants of spirit in the bosoms of the democratic leaders at Albany—remnants

through the means of votes from men who have any American feeling.

Maclay, who was the chair of the Committee on Colleges, Academies, and Common Schools for New York City

Liberty 3 (2008): 267.; In 1841, before the Maclay Bill was proposed, two senate and 13 assembly seats were

The Democratic Party also ran three candidates who were not endorsed by the Catholic Association and

Pratt, "Religious Conflict in the Development of the New York City Public School System," History of

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840-43," American Nineteenth

the purpose of practically exercising their rights—rights which they claim under the great Bill of American

Were we a resident of Rhode Island, we should be a revolutioniser, in the front rank.

The article makes a case for English action against American slavery wherein troops of African descent

Suppose our emissaries were to do what could be done in Ireland; and suppose the down trodden mass in

pro-independence political leader and Member of Parliament Daniel O'Connell (1775–1847), was that American

The article makes a case for English action against American slavery wherein troops of African descent

pro-independence political leader and Member of Parliament Daniel O'Connell (1775–1847), was that American

A few days ago we were quietly treading our way among the bales, boxes and crates upon one of the East

knowledge of his is of far greater value than all the fanciful smattering that is usually caught up in the city

But we were speaking of the ocean—that eternal fountain of the sublime and mysterious.

is based on Thomas Ollive Mabbott, "Walt Whitman Edits the Sunday Times, July, 1842-June, 1843, American

Webster Dictionary (1840), "plume" means "to pride; to value; to boast" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American

Whitman's sarcastic comment is poking fun at the self-perceived influence of New York City sixpenny dailies

, which were the more expensive subscription newspapers.

deign to notice the pennies, and two pennies At this time, the sixpenny dailies, or six-penny papers, were

Penny papers, however, were small, poorly printed, and sold on the street.

Webster Dictionary (1840), "plume" means "to pride; to value; to boast" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American

1840], 753).; Whitman's sarcastic comment is poking fun at the self-perceived influence of New York City

sixpenny dailies, which were the more expensive subscription newspapers.; At this time, the sixpenny

dailies, or six-penny papers, were often distributed through subscription.

Penny papers, however, were small, poorly printed, and sold on the street.

It is almost impossible to calculate the number of papers that are printed in the city of New York.

In the nineteenth century it was one of the most influential papers in New York City, and one of the

His fame will endure as long as Americans retain a love for the beauty of sentiment or delicacy of style

The American A semi-weekly newspaper, the American (or the New York American ) was quite likely an anti-immigration

No man who reads the American can fail to form an opinion that its editor is a man of violent prejudices

In the nineteenth century it was one of the most influential papers in New York City, and one of the

New York Commercial Advertiser was founded by lexicographer and author Noah Webster in 1793 as the American

papers, and would later become a respected writer in his own right.; A semi-weekly newspaper, the American

(or the New York American) was quite likely an anti-immigration, nativist paper, possibly associated

lay, but also in obtaining the earliest foreign news from incoming vessels" (Frank Luther Mott, American

They pay us the compliment of saying, that they consider it the best publication in the city.

Were it not that people would cry "tit for tat," we should say what we certainly think, that this good

Jonathan" stood for the "common" people and embodied conflicting views such as egalitarianism and American

Postal Guide and Official Advertiser 1, no. 1 [Washington D.C., 1850]: 163; Winifred Morgan, An American

Icon: Brother Jonathan and American Identity [London: Associated Press, 1988], 34–36). came out with

However, "Zanoni" was an expanded version of "Zicci," and both were written by Lytton.

Duyckinck, Cyclopedia of American Literature; Embracing Personal and Critical Notes of Authors [New York

Jonathan" stood for the "common" people and embodied conflicting views such as egalitarianism and American

Postal Guide and Official Advertiser 1, no. 1 [Washington D.C., 1850]: 163; Winifred Morgan, An American

Icon: Brother Jonathan and American Identity [London: Associated Press, 1988], 34–36).; Zanoni (1842

However, "Zanoni" was an expanded version of "Zicci," and both were written by Lytton.

Duyckinck, Cyclopedia of American Literature; Embracing Personal and Critical Notes of Authors [New York

For more information see Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American

public printing to an Irishman named Denman, who publishes a Catholic paper, the Truth Teller , in this city

The Corporation Attorney was the individual tasked with handling the city's legal affairs, and at the

Ellison History of the Office of the Corporation Counsel of the City of New York (New York: Martin B.

They threatened, unless these things were promised them, still to stand out, or throw their votes in

For more information see Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American

The Corporation Attorney was the individual tasked with handling the city's legal affairs, and at the

Ellison History of the Office of the Corporation Counsel of the City of New York (New York: Martin B.

John's Hall is now one of the four residence halls at Fordham University in New York City.

They knelt to the Pope himself; Americans , to the abjectest menials of the Pope.

has usurped Anglo-American power. they are content to be thus servile!

Let them act as men —come out, as American patriots, and defy the priest Hughes to do his worst.

It were better that all should be lost, than such a precedent established.

John's Hall is now one of the four residence halls at Fordham University in New York City.

John's College, was founded in 1841 by Hughes (Richard Panchyk, Catholic New York City [New York: Arcadia

pots and kettles, and does other menial services in the kitchen" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American

For more on Tammany Hall, see: Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American

has usurped Anglo-American power.; From Scene II, Act III of William Shakespeare's Macbeth.; Most likely

Whitman is likely referring to "City Hall Park."

In October 1842, Croton Fountain was unveiled in City Hall Park, which celebrated the completion of the

For a moment he waits, taking aim, as it were—leans his head slightly one side, cocks his eye with a

And here, were we disposed to be philosophical, we might expatiate at full length on the propriety of

Were it amiss to look on them, engaged as they are so earnestly—as but mimics of the strife that occupies

.; Whitman is likely referring to "City Hall Park."

In October 1842, Croton Fountain was unveiled in City Hall Park, which celebrated the completion of the

The exact measurement of a rod is five and a half yards (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American Dictionary