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doubtless the case The The most immense share part of a A ncient History is altogether unknown ,— There were

Powerful, busy, and populous, and powerful nations, existed, on all the continents of the earth, at

busy populous and powerful nations on all the continents of the earth ; and doubtless for the certain

surely empires, cities cities, states pastoral tribes and uncivilized hordes upon the earth.

— 189 the feeling of war and war and justice and who were witty and wise, —and who were brutish and undeveloped—and

includes ideas and phrases that resemble those used in "Unnamed Lands," a poem published first in the 1860

The manuscript was therefore probably written between 1855 and 1860, and at one time likely formed part

See, for instance, the lines: "What vast-built cities—What orderly republics—What pastoral tribes and

phrenology, / What of liberty and slavery among them—What they thought of death and the Soul, / Who were

, / Some prowling through woods—Some living peaceably on farms, laboring, reaping, filling barns" (1860

tuition, or amusements, can much longer permanently elude the jealous and passionate instinct of American

Fredson Bowers, have generally assumed that Whitman used the Williamsburgh tax forms from 1857 to 1860

The city of Williamsburgh was incorporated with Brooklyn effective January 1855, so the forms would have

been obsolete after that date (Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] [Chicago: University of

At least two of the tax forms Whitman used were dated 1854 (see, for instance, "Vast national tracts"

or amusements or the costumes of young men, can long elude the jealous and passionate instinct of American

Fredson Bowers, have generally assumed that Whitman used the Williamsburgh tax forms from 1857 to 1860

The city of Williamsburgh was incorporated with Brooklyn effective January 1855, so the forms would have

been obsolete after that date (Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] [Chicago: University of

At least two of the tax forms Whitman used were dated 1854 (see, for instance, "Vast national tracts"

Emerson, and we looked over the volume of one who has been declared about 'to inaugurate a new era in American

those faultless monsters, whom the world ne'er saw, whose 'mission' it is to comfort the sable population

Sir Rohan's Ghost: A Romance (1860) was written by Harriet Elizabeth Prescott Spofford.

Review of Leaves of Grass (1860–61)

Sir Rohan's Ghost: A Romance (1860) was written by Harriet Elizabeth Prescott Spofford.

ONCE I passed through a populous city, imprinting my brain, for future use, with its shows, architec-

ture architecture , customs, and traditions; Yet now, of all that city, I remember only a woman I casually

met there, who detained me for love of me, Day by day and night by night we were together,— All else

City Lunch N.Y.

Express, Oct. 21, 1856 "But for the American party, the Northern, sectional, geographical party of Wm

poem of the 1860–1861 edition of Leaves of Grass.

To you endless an To you, these, to report nature, man, politics, from an American point of view.

Lo, interminable intersecting streets in cities, full of living people, coming and going!

(See Bowers, Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] A Parallel Text [Chicago: The University of

It is of course possible, however, that parts of the notebook were inscribed before and/or after the

Much of the notebook is devoted to draft material for the 1860 poem eventually titled "Starting from

brief passage (on the verso of leaf 25) seems clearly to have contributed to "Song at Sunset," another 1860

It is unclear which pages were inscribed first; furthermore, several of the leaves have become detached

2Notebooks, 1860-1861loc.00029xxx.00131Notebook, 1860-18611860-1861prosepoetryhandwritten61 leaves; An

relates to poems ultimately titled Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking, By Blue Ontario's Shore, The City

Some of the trial verses in this notebook were published posthumously as [I Stand and Look], Ship of

Notebook, 1860-1861

The manuscript is written on the blank side of an 1850s tax form from the City of Williamsburgh.

Fredson Bowers, have generally assumed that Whitman used the Williamsburgh tax forms from 1857 to 1860

The city of Williamsburgh was incorporated with Brooklyn effective January 1855, so the forms would have

been obsolete after that date (Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] [Chicago: University of

At least two of the tax forms Whitman used were dated 1854 (see, for instance, "Vast national tracts"

The manuscript is written on the blank side of an 1850s tax form from the City of Williamsburgh.

Fredson Bowers, have generally assumed that Whitman used the Williamsburgh tax forms from 1857 to 1860

The city of Williamsburgh was incorporated with Brooklyn effective January 1855, so the forms would have

been obsolete after that date (Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] [Chicago: University of

At least two of the tax forms Whitman used were dated 1854 (see, for instance, "Vast national tracts"

Among American authors there is one named Walt Whitman, who, in 1855, first issued a small quarto volume

city, and brought up in Brooklyn and in New York.

They are certainly filled with an American spirit, breathe the American air, and assert the fullest American

Year 85 of the States (1860—61). London: Trübner & Co.

cantos were published in 1773.

The first three cantos of his epic poem, The Messiah (Der Messias), were published in 1749; the final

cantos were published in 1773.

Brooklyn April 6, 1860 Box P.O.

my own pleasure at hearing that your "Leaves of Grass," in its next issue, is to eminate from that City

past personal experience and without wishing to intrude myself above my true level I could wish I were

Sammis to Walt Whitman, 6 April 1860

Boston June 14, 1860 Dear Walt, Your favor came duly to hand.

As soon as cooler weather comes and people are crowding the great cities we intend to advertise largely

shall shortly come out with an advertisement to touch the pleasure travellers in all the principal cities

— Meanwhile the Papers are noticing it pretty well—the Scottish American has a very fair notice, and

Yours Truly Thayer & Eldridge Thayer & Eldridge to Walt Whitman, 14 June 1860

was the Boston publishing firm responsible for the third edition of Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (1860

twenty items on Whitman appeared in the Press before the periodical folded (for the first time) in 1860

For the 1860 Leaves of Grass Whitman abandoned the green binding used for the 1855 and 1856 editions.

was a free, sixty-four-page promotional pamphlet published by Thayer and Eldridge to advertise the 1860

See Thayer and Eldridge to Walt Whitman, June 27, 1860.

Year 85 of the States—(1860–61) This is a new edition of the work of Walt Whitman, which some years ago

rampant, but not insufferable, fully believing himself to be a representative man and poet of the American

We should advise nobody to read it unless he were curious in literary monstrosities, and had a stomach

The radical abolitionist sympathies of Thayer & Eldrige, the publishers of the 1860–61 edition of Leaves

Review of Leaves of Grass (1860–61)

The radical abolitionist sympathies of Thayer & Eldrige, the publishers of the 1860–61 edition of Leaves

.— These manuscript lines were probably written in the 1850s.

resemblance to ideas expressed in the opening lines of poem #14 of "Chants Democratic and Native American

," which first appeared in the 1860 Leaves of Grass.

These manuscript lines were probably written in the 1850s.

resemblance to ideas expressed in the opening lines of poem #14 of "Chants Democratic and Native American

," which first appeared in the 1860 Leaves of Grass.

to ideas expressed in the opening lines of section 14 of the poem "Chants Democratic and Native American

," which first appeared in the 1860 Leaves of Grass: "Not to-day is to justify me, and Democracy, and

You know I have always had a very high opinion of the people of the City of Notions .

The dust is moving in a dense mass through the streets as dust in no other city but NY can move.

Vaughan to Walt Whitman, 21 March 1860

acknowledges receiving replies from Whitman in this letter, and in his letters to Whitman of March 27, 1860

, April 30, 1860, and May 21, 1860.

On February 10, 1860, Whitman received a letter from the Boston publishing firm of Thayer and Eldridge

The Boston, Massachusetts 1860 City Directory lists Edward Morgan of 928 Washington Street as a "driver

was finished by 1860.

Vaughan to Walt Whitman, 9 April 1860

Vaughan worked for the company in 1860.

See the letters from Vaughan to Whitman dated March 21, 1860, and March 27, 1860.

27, 1860, April 30, 1860, and May 21, 1860.

See Vaughan's letter to Whitman of March 21, 1860.

Vaughan reminded Whitman of his promise in his letters to the poet of March 27, 1860 and April 9, 1860

Note Book Walt Whitman The notes describing "the first after Osiris" were likely derived from information

—What real Americans can be made out of slaves?

What real Americans can be made out of the masters of slaves?

The questions are such as these Has his life shown the true American character?

first printed in the second (1856) and third (1860–1861) editions.

edition of Leaves of Grass but that the notebook also contains material clearly related to things that were

first printed in the second (1856) and third (1860–1861) editions.

Whitman revised the text on leaf 23 verso to include a rather long passage that exceeded the space available

The 'Distinctive American Poem'—the only one (God be thanked!)

the novels of de Kock find place upon parlor tables, and the obscene pictures, which boys in your city

congress of the sexes is a sacrament, a holy secret locked in the breasts of two persons, which it were

Y. , May 19, 1860.

The review of Leaves of Grass that appeared in the New York Saturday Press on June 2, 1860, was signed

The review of Leaves of Grass that appeared in the New York Saturday Press on June 2, 1860, was signed

In a letter to Clapp dated June 7, 1860, Juliette Beach explained the nature of the mistake and expressed

March 19 th " 1860 Dear Walt, I am sorry I could not see you previous to your departure for Boston.

Vaughan to Walt Whitman, 19 March 1860

It is postmarked: New-York | Mar | 19 | 1860.

Vaughan worked for the company in 1860.

On February 10, 1860, Whitman received a letter from the Boston publishing firm of Thayer and Eldridge

the Bohemians (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2014).

Whitman published the poem "Bardic Symbols" in the Atlantic Monthly 5 (April 1860): 445–447.

Calamus 18. p 363 City of my walks and joys!

City whom that I have lived and sung there will one day make you illustrious!

little you h You city : what do y you repay me for my daily walks joys Not these your crowded rows of

On the back of this leaf is a draft of a poem published first in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass

City of my walks and joys

This manuscript is a draft of the poem first published in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass as number

18 in the "Calamus" cluster and ultimately entitled "City of Orgies."

manuscript was probably written in the late 1850s.; This is a draft of the poem first published in the 1860

edition of Leaves of Grass as number 18 in the "Calamus" cluster and ultimately entitled "City of Orgies

digital images of the original.; On the back of this leaf is a draft of a poem published first in the 1860

To t T he States, or any one of them, or any city of The States, Resist much , Obey little, Once unquestioning

obedience, once fully enslaved, Once fully enslaved, no nation, race, city, of this earth, ever afterward

"Walt Whitman's Caution" was first published as one of the "Messenger Leaves" in the 1860 edition of

manuscript was likely composed in the years immediately preceding the poem's first publication in 1860

"Walt Whitman's Caution" was first published as one of the "Messenger Leaves" in the 1860 edition of

manuscript was likely composed in the years immediately preceding the poem's first publication in 1860

.; "Walt Whitman's Caution" was first published as one of the "Messenger Leaves" in the 1860 edition

.— I am glad you like Boston Walt, you know I have said much to you in praise both of the city and its

Vaughan to Walt Whitman, 27 March 1860

Vaughan worked for the company in 1860.

, April 30, 1860, and May 21, 1860.

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1809–1882) delivered a March 23, 1860, lecture on "Manners" in New York City.

See Vaughan's letter to Whitman of March 21, 1860.

Vaughan reminded Whitman of his promise in his letters to the poet of March 27, 1860 and April 9, 1860

A NEW AMERICAN POEM.

It has been a favorite subject of complaint with English critics and reviewers, in treating of American

We have an American poem. Several of them. Yes, sir. Also a great original representative mind.

She married Heenan in September 1859; it became public knowledge in January 1860.

Review of Leaves of Grass (1860–61)

the New Nebuchadnezzar" in a list of Henry Clapp's bon mots in the New-York Saturday Press, May 26, 1860

On 16 April 1860, in Farnborough, England, Heenan fought Tom Sayers, the British Champion, in the "World

She married Heenan in September 1859; it became public knowledge in January 1860.

In February 1860 Alexander Menken revealed that he had never divorced Adah and she was publicly reviled

published a number of poems in the Sunday Mercury, including "The Autograph on the Soul" in April 1860

Boston, Thayer & Eldridge. 1860 Washington, Philp & Solomons.

and the opening words of his critique on the latter were graduated to a point no finer than to say, "

If the Aristarch of "Scotch Reviewers" were still in the flesh, and felt called, in the spirit of the

It were no great wonder, after the success of Walt Whitman, if many persons who have never talked any

Review of Leaves of Grass (1860–61)

the greatest city in the whole world.

Where the city stands with the brawniest breed of orators and bards, Where the city stands that is beloved

city of the healthiest fathers stands, Where the city of the best-bodied mothers stands, There the greatest

city stands.

Were those your vast and solid?

Year 85 of the States—1860-61. 1 vol., pp. 456.

His writings were neither poetry nor prose, but a curious medley, a mixture of quaint utterances and

people were to be enlightened and civilized and cultivated up to the proper standard, by virtue of his

How the floridness of the materials of cities shriv- els shrivels before a man's or woman's look!

The comedic works of François Rabelais (c. 1490-1553) were known for their risqué quality.

The comedic works of François Rabelais (c. 1490-1553) were known for their risqué quality.

A City Walk: 2 V Just a list of all that is seen in a walk through the streets of Brooklyn & New York

The heading of this manuscript reads "A City Walk," which may be suggestive of the tentative title "City

and Joys," the name Whitman originally assigned to "Calamus" 18 in his "Blue Book" revisions of the 1860

This title was changed in the "Blue Book" to "City of orgies, walks and joys" and finally became "City

A City Walk

The heading of this manuscript reads "A City Walk," which may be suggestive of the tentative title "City

and Joys," the name Whitman originally assigned to "Calamus" 18 in his "Blue Book" revisions of the 1860

This title was changed in the "Blue Book" to "City of orgies, walks and joys" and finally became "City

assigned to "Calamus" 18 in his "Blue Book" revisions of the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass.

This title was changed in the "Blue Book" to "City of orgies, walks and joys" and finally became "City

It is like the sound of the wind or the sea, a fitting measure for the first distinctive American bard

who speaks for our large-scaled nature, for the red men who are gone, for our vigorous young population

careless or hap-hazard, anymore than Niagara, the Mississippi, the prairies, or the great Western cities

of the Mississippi, scarcely any thing exists The first manuscript leaf is written on the back of a City

Fredson Bowers, have generally assumed that Whitman used the Williamsburgh tax forms from 1857 to 1860

The city of Williamsburgh was incorporated with Brooklyn effective January 1855, so the forms would have

been obsolete after that date (Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] [Chicago: University of

difficult to date conclusively, but it was almost certainly written after 1854 and probably before 1860

The first manuscript leaf is written on the back of a City of Williamsburgh tax form, filled out and

Fredson Bowers, have generally assumed that Whitman used the Williamsburgh tax forms from 1857 to 1860

The city of Williamsburgh was incorporated with Brooklyn effective January 1855, so the forms would have

been obsolete after that date (Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] [Chicago: University of

difficult to date conclusively, but it was almost certainly written after 1854 and probably before 1860

Chants Democratic and Native American 1 1.

incomparable love, Plunging his semitic muscle into its merits and demerits, Making its geography, cities

, The superior marine, free commerce, fisheries, whaling, gold-digging, Wharf-hemmed cities, railroad

to American persons, progresses, cities? Chicago, Kanada, Arkansas?

I will make cities and civilizations defer to me!

Cluster: Chants Democratic and Native American. (1860) CHANTS DEMOCRATIC AND NATIVE AMERICAN.

to American persons, progresses, cities? Chicago, Kanada, Arkansas?

city stands.

American masses!

AMERICAN mouth-songs!

This manuscript is a draft of a poem published first in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass as number

On the back of this leaf is a draft of the poem "City of Orgies," first published in the 1860 edition

This manuscript is a draft of a poem published first in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass as number

It was likely written in the late 1850s.; This is a draft of a poem published first in the 1860 edition

Transcribed from digital images of the original.; On the back of this leaf is a draft of the poem "City

of Orgies," first published in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass as "Calamus" No. 18.

politics, art or literature, we present here a finely-executed portrait of W ALT W HITMAN , the new American

publication of a superb edition of whose poems "Leaves of Grass" is bringing him permanently before the American

day and generation. was born in Brooklyn, Long Island, May 31, 1818, and is yet a resident of the "City

I rubbed my eyes a little to see if this sunbeam were no illusion; but the solid sense of the book is

In 1856 he issued another and somewhat enlarged edition, which were speedily disposed of.

I know a rich capitalist who, out of his wealth, built a marble church, the most splendid in the city

intended to scare away unrest The genuine m M an is not, as would have him, like one of a block of city

" in The American in October 1880.

–1861 , later called "Our Old Feuillage": "Encircling all, vast-darting up and wide, the American Soul

See Holloway, "A Whitman Manuscript," American Mercury 3 (December 1924), 475–480.

See Holloway, "A Whitman Manuscript," American Mercury 3 (December 1924), 475–480.

One passage seems to have contributed to the 1860–1861 poem that Whitman later titled "Our Old Feuillage

herself; Of Equality—As if it harmed me, giving others the same chances and rights as myself— As if it were

This manuscript was probably composed in the late 1850s or in 1860 as Whitman was preparing the 1860

It is a draft of No. 4 of the "Thoughts" cluster published first in the 1860 edition.

ownership);" the second line was published as "Thought (Of Equality);" and the third and fourth lines were

This manuscript was probably composed in the late 1850s or in 1860 as Whitman was preparing the 1860

It is a draft of No. 4 of the "Thoughts" cluster published first in the 1860 edition.

ownership);" the second line was published as "Thought (Of Equality);" and the third and fourth lines were

"; This manuscript is a draft of No. 4 of the "Thoughts" cluster published first in the 1860 edition

"; The third and fourth lines of this draft were published as "Thought (Of Justice).

ALL day I have walked the city, and talked with my friends, and thought of prudence, Of time, space,

deputed atonement, Knows that the young man who composedly perilled his life and lost it, has done exceeding

Ownershipabout 1860poetry1 leafhandwritten; This manuscript was probably composed in the late 1850s or in 1860

as Whitman was preparing the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass.

It is a draft of No. 4 of the Thoughts cluster published first in the 1860 edition.

1881–1882 edition, the second line returned as Thought [Of Equality]; and the third and fourth lines were

Year 85 of the States. (1860–61.)

Here are the incomplete but real utterances of New York city, of the prairies, of the Ohio and Mississippi

,—the volume of American autographs.

Review of Leaves of Grass (1860–61)

true owner of the library Edward Grier suggests that this manuscript was probably written prior to 1860

sentiment between it and the initial line of No. 4 of the "Thoughts" cluster published first in the 1860

similar manuscripts that are numbered sequentially and probably date from around or before 1855: see "American

Edward Grier suggests that this manuscript was probably written prior to 1860, noting some similarities

sentiment between it and the initial line of No. 4 of the "Thoughts" cluster published first in the 1860

similar manuscripts that are numbered sequentially and probably date from around or before 1855: see "American

manuscript are similar to the initial line of No. 4 of the "Thoughts" cluster published first in the 1860

to own things could not at pleasure enter upon all, and incorporate them into himself or herself" (1860

1 Slavery—the Slaveholders—The Constitution—the true America and Americans, the laboring persons.— The

meanest of lies liars is the American aristocratic liar who with his palter s ing and stutter over denial

meanings purports intentions allotments and foundations requirements of the Bargain called it of the American

— 13 Well what is this American Republic for?

—In Massachusetts too were very intolerant religious tests.

References to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 indicate that parts of this manuscript were likely written

characteristic Whitman fashion, from fragments large and small, with several discontinuities" which were

leafhandwritten; A small scrap of prose that would make its way into a footnote for Carlyle From American

Although Edward Grier states that the handwriting on the scrap indicates a date in the 1860s, the essay

Cluster: Enfans D'adam. (1860) Enfans d'Adam. 1.

And if the body were not the Soul, what is the Soul?

sons—and in them were the fathers of sons.

A WOMAN waits for me—she contains all, nothing is lacking, Yet all were lacking, if sex were lacking,

ONCE I passed through a populous city, imprinting my brain, for future use, with its shows, architec-

leaf; This manuscript contains notes for a proposed poem offering a vision of the future of the American

This estimate is in line with that of Edward Grier, who dates the manuscript to "before 1860" (Notebooks

This manuscript was probably written between 1850 and 1860.

The lines were used in the poem "To One Shortly to Die," first published in the 1860 edition of Leaves

This manuscript was probably written between 1850 and 1860.

The lines were used in the poem "To One Shortly to Die," first published in the 1860 edition of Leaves

of Grass.; Lines from this manuscript were used in the poem "To One Shortly to Die," first published

in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass: "You are to die—Let others tell you what they please, I cannot

prevaricate, / I am exact and merciless, but I love you—There is no escape for you" (1860, p. 398).;

becomes a question how such a book can have acquired a vogue and popularity that could induce an American

will in reputation dearly pay for the fervid encomium with which he introduced the Author to the American

described by the following equation,—as Tupper is to English Humdrum, so is Walt Whitman to the American

Boston: Thayer and Eldridge, year 85 of the States. 1860—61. London: Trübner and Co.

Review of Leaves of Grass (1860–61)

Burlington May 18. 1860 Dear Walt. Received your book, also a letter for Han.

myself—I want to visit it—I think that I shall have to return to that place or Boston or get nearer some city—Give

Heyde to Walt Whitman, 18 May 1860

Henry Clapp, Jr. to Walt Whitman, 14 May 1860

The review of Leaves of Grass that appeared in the New–York Saturday Press on June 2, 1860, was signed

In a letter to Clapp dated June 7, 1860, Juliette Beach explained the nature of the mistake and expressed

(For Calvin Beach's review of the 1860 Leaves of Grass see "Leaves of Grass.")

If these were love letters, Walt Whitman hardly treated Mrs. Beach's heart-stirrings discreetly.

See George Pierce Clark, "'Saerasmid,' An Early Promoter of Walt Whitman," American Literature (1955)

nyp.00514xxx.00524[The best of the two Introductions]1860–1865prose8 leaveshandwritten; One of a series

of draft introductions Whitman prepared for Leaves of Grass, but which were never printed during Whitman's

until collected by Clifton Joseph Furness in Walt Whitman's Workshop (1928), portions of this draft were

nyp.00513xxx.00524[Dec 23, 1864 good—& must be used]1860–1864prose8 leaveshandwritten; One of a series

of draft introductions Whitman prepared for Leaves of Grass, but which were never printed during Whitman's

until collected by Clifton Joseph Furness in Walt Whitman's Workshop (1928), portions of this draft were

necessitated by new theories, new themes—or say the new treatment of themes, forced upon us for American

Furthermore, I have surely attained headway enough with the American public, especially with the literary

Walt Whitman to the Editors of Harper's Magazine, 7 January 1860

Number four of the "Chants Democratic," printed in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass, 159–166.

The poems were apparently never further developed and were never published.

Based on this date it can be speculated that the notes were written late in 1875 (a possibility corroborated

by the list of names), but the poem(s) may have been inscribed in the late 1860s or earlier.

disbursements are we will remit by return of mail, or will arrange the matter on your return to this city

Frederick Baker to Walt Whitman, 23 April 1860

See Whitman's response to Frederick Baker from April 24, 1860.

Krieg, A Whitman Chronology (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1998), 23.