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City” (1860).

He appointed African Americans to high administrative posts, and during his term blacks were elected

Arguments have been made that “Once I Pass’d through a Populous City”—a key poem that reworks the New

In Ellison’s estimation, the contours of the “Negro American idiom” were to be found everywhere in US

Whitman, “Once I Pass’d Through a Populous City,” in Poetry and Prose, 266; Yusef Komunyakaa, “Praise

Stedman and his family were seated in the opposite box. Others present were Samuel L. Clemens, H.

These attacks ofthe were Walt press probably regarded by Whitman much as the sailors were by Voltaire's

The subject of each is the city morgue, Reading the American poem, you are melted to tears, your deepest

fancy your Oh, women were the prizeforyou !

But the humiliated they were acquitted.

Jefferson, who, strictlyspeaking, were rather the fathers of American democracy than of the vast Continental

Karl Knortz, a German- American scholar of New York City, has had firstand last a good deal to say in

In New York the bells of Trinity spire were instantly rung, a salute fired in City Hall Park, and servicesheld

Titles with no page reference are those of poems occurring in early American editions,which were laterdiscarded

Dead-House, The 284 1871 [City of Friends, The] i860 City of Orgies 105 i860 City of Ships 230 1865

And, to say the truth, we were rather tiredof itbefore itwas over, and were glad enough to change from

Itwas only the other day that we were saying, when he and I were met with other friends, that italmost

The couple were people I knew well, who did second famously, but were conditionally pre-engaged when

'Depend upon itthe Greek sculptors were right. * Since you were last here, Herbert, I have read Bulwer's

You were not made for failure, you were made for victory forward with joyful : go a confidence in that

of the City of Brook- lyn for 1856, 1858–1859, and 1859–1860, and the Charter for the City of Brooklyn

[Henry Clapp Jr.], “Walt Whitman and American Art,” SP, June 30, 1860. 43.

“Walt Whitman and American Art,” SP, June 30, 1860. 3.

design decision equivalent to nakedness—in 1860 the poems were titled, and many were arranged into thematic

Kenny, Daniel J.The American Newspaper Directory and Record of the Press for 1860.

Genocide and disease decimated Native American populations.

He would soon discover, however, that the American public were even less tolerant than their British

Whitman, LG 1860, 342–43. 16. All poems were originally untitled in the 1855 edition.

A disproportionate number of anatomical subjects were African American, Indian, or Irish.

“The Gory New York City Riot That Shaped American Medicine.” The Smithsonian, June 17, 2014. Web.

When he died there were children many sad-eyed in Camden and other cities. While Mr.

His personal were few. His daily expenses for food were also small. In Mr.

In those there were not days many public hospitalsin New York City or Brooklyn.

, but were denied.

Horace L.Trau- bel, were alsopresent. They were hastily summoned by Mrs.

As nearly exact contemporaries with roots in NewYork City—both men were born there in 1819—Herman Melville

From then until dawn, a total of sixteen shots were fired on the city, ten of which were incen- diary

The jubilant Afri - can Americans who greeted Lincoln during his daring visit to the city only a day

Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863, 279–288. 13.

In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in NewYork City, 1626–1863.

Such people were always Americatohim.Doyoubegintoseewhathisword“American”signified?

City.’”

American magazines were few in those days.

City.’

Slicer in your city.

Note: Whitman refers here to the three first editions of Leaves (1855, 1856, and 1860), which were written

American City Names One day Walt fulminated about the habit of giving cities Old World names, speaking

were not as really American as we were.

The American Idea of a Good Time WarrieFritzinger’sreportofavisittothebustlingseasideresortAtlantic City

American Sculpture I have seen most of the statutes in Central Park and off through the city there,andmustsayofthem

The following list notesotherfeaturesofWhitman’srevisions: Two of the 1860 poems were, in 1867, joined

Two of the 1860 poems survived as unnamed poems in a “Debris” cluster in 1867 and then were dropped.

City of the world!

These adventurers were clearly fools, bolder than they were wise.

In the modern American era there were still Whitmanesque figures such as HowardHughes,largerthanlifepersonalitieswhomultiplied

83, they were staunch patriotsor " rebels," and several of the name were soldiersunder Washington, two

Those were his exact words.

If,for instance,by " some vast, instantaneous convulsion, American civilization " were lost,where isthe

They are certainly filledwith an American spiritbreathe the American air,and assert the fullest American

Of those that were plaeed in the stores none were sokl.

Whitman was well prepared to produce a poetic tribute to a great American city in 1855.

of Whitman’s Memory : 209 landmark book The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961.

Andrew Jackson, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington—these were names that were now shared by American

American Literature 28 (March 1956): 78–79. Exactly 795 copies of the 1855 Leaves were bound.

In The American Epic: Transforming a Genre, 1770–1860.

My first impressions, architectural, &c. were not favorable; but upon the whole, the city, the spaces,

Culture (Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 1992), 8. x  The city’s monuments were of special

The possibilities for African American life were unresolved at this time, as were the possibilities for

Washington’s black population tripled by 1870, jumping from 19 percent of the city’s total population

Mapping American Culture. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press, 1992. French, R. W.

oneofthelastpartsofthebooktobeprepared, thisadvancecopyprobablydidnotreachWhitmanuntilthemonthofpublication,May 1860

Arguably,then,WhitmancouldhavebegunhisannotationsontheBlueBook even before the publication of the 1860

By the 1860 edition, pensive had become a much more prominent word for Whitman, especially in contexts

sdictionaryincludestheItalianpensierosowhentracingtheetymology ofpensive.)Both“L’Allegro”and“IlPenseroso”were

His scholarship focuses on nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American literature, American periodicals

These poems therefore were “lyrics” or “art.”

In his History of American Literature, William P.

So much so that a poem in the “Ch. of Adam” Section,” Once I Pass'd through a Populous City,” written

an American man or woman.

Novelists” to state that the War (1917-1918) “terrorized” the Americans, “who thought they were going

No other nineteenth-century American authors, with the possible exception ofMark Twain, were so much

If, for instance, by some vast instantaneous con vulsion, American civilization were lost, where is the

cities so far as the native social ele ment, that which distinguishes them as American, was concerned

O'Connor had already made his acquaintance in Boston in 1860, when Thayer and Eldridge were printing

Walt had, in fact, read most of the American poets who were his contemporaries.

Were you thinking that those were the words—those upright lines? those curves, angles, dots?

Both were responding to the same problem, even if their reactions were contradictory —or even, arguably

Do you term that perpetual, pistareen, paste-pot work, American art, American drama, taste, verse?

“American History/American Memory: Reevaluating Walt Whitman’s Relationship with the Brooklyn Bridge.

“Poet at Work: Walt Whitman Notebooks 1850s–1860s.” American Memory.

that all the rest were well also.

My first impressions, architectural, &c. were not favorable; but upon the whole, the city, the spaces

The whole city was lit up with torches. Cannons were fired all night in various parts ofthe city.

B. first, & then me-say, ifI WERE sick, or WERE poor, why then,-& c. &c. &c.

And would yield my life for this cause with serene joy if it were so appointed, if that were the price

Introduction In July 1855, about the time Americans were again celebrating their indepen dence, an oversized

Indian is also the American poet."

American Literature, 6(1934): 254-63. Canby, Henry Seidel. Walt Whitman-An American.

Frontier: American Literature and the American West. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965.

"Personae in Whitman (1855-1860)." American Transcendental Quarterly, 12(1971):25-32.

Emerson and Higginson—Waldo and Wentworth, as they were known to their friends—were two of the most formidable

In the turn the American Puritans then gave to it, these correlations were extended further from innerselftoouterself

When read in relation to their pre-1860 versions, the poet’s later revi- sions of the 1860 poems, in

Press, 1962); Stephen John Mack, PragmaticWhitman: Reimagining American Democ- racy (Iowa City: University

Tompkins, Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860 (NewYork: Oxford University

city.

At every turn in New York, James inscribes a vision of the power of the American city that reinscribes-in

The American Uto pia has become, in this incipient moment of modernism, the Un real City.

EricSavoy : 15 In this particular constellation,The American Scene allegorizes the reading of the city

Mexico City: Edi ciones Studium, 1954. Allen, Gay Wilson. American Prosody.

project, Civil War Washington (civilwardc.org), attempting to illuminate certain key aspects of the city's

concentrated on the development of forts, the growth of hospitals, and the changing nature of the population

We have not studied other potentially illuminating aspects of the city's history—crime statistics, foreign

to document, just as it is often hard to find much detail about many nineteenth-century African Americans

Both Knickerbocker and Young American circles were composed of gentle- men and thus closed to Whitman

McWilliams, Jr., The American Epic: Transforming a Genre, 1770–1860, 223, 225. 12.

Even fifty-cent paperback editions of American authors were “out of reach to most working-class readers

City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788–1850, 53–60; Elliott J.

Stansell, City of Women, 91. See also Reynolds, Beneath the American Renaissance, 463. 16.

The two were close for at least eight years. Anne B.

As editor ofthe Aurora, located just four doors from City Hall, he enters into the city's politicalbattles

This marks his return to the city.

Smith in New York City (DN, 1:251). 3 AUGUST.

These gifts were to furnish his home. 16 AUGUST.

A North American Bird Phenology Program, for example, is transcribing ninety years of records with the

Were they, as the name "citizen" implies, ordinary members of the public (as was the case in Transcribe

In the time since these comments were made we have been more engaged with social media both through a

National Archives, were inscribed (if not authored) by Whitman when he worked in the Attorney General's

discovery at the earliest possible time, and thus we made the documents available even before they were

Whitman strives to create a distinctive poetry suited for an American national tradition: a modern epic

Other American authors had written about democracy before, but they did not imbibe the democratic spirit

devoted a long essay to democracy, Democratic Vistas (1871), which deals with the shortcomings of American

Campion, the editors of Walt Whitman: the Measure of His Song (1998), have shown that almost every American

Some poets, like Ezra Pound or Allen Ginsberg, were more explicit than others such as T.S. Eliot.

The sheriff told the Indians who the distinguished men were who were about tosee them, but the Indians

, were facts full of evil omen.

"were if sex were He tomen and lacking lacking.

my city, city young men, the Mannahatta city but when the Mannahatta leadsallthecitiesoftheearth, When

were our communities invaded by a dry rot of culture flwere we fast becoming a delicate,in race were

cities,nd fittohave for his background and accessories their streaming- populations and ample and richfacades

Therefore he speaks plainly about which hitherto were many things tacitly in or were touched upon by

It were well to closeupon thisnote.

What are our cities?

" Do you term that perpetual, pistareen, paste-pot work " American art, American drama, taste, verse

people were very " evanescent."

Americans.

"A typical American or a typical American character exists.

While we were at lunch Mrs.

I that meeting thought Americans were generally better speakers than the English.

While a portion of the lettersreceived in season were read, and them printed in local many of were the

Not tilllateron were thecheers given, but when given they were given several times, and vehemently.

Happy that one city of titlundis- • puted !

However true itmight once have been that American books were not read, or that there were few or none

I have seemed to myself to reach a fairer judgment of American tendencies and ofthe spiritof the American

By the early 188os, the population exceeded 1 million; by 1900, the city had 2.7 million inhabitants;

As the great democratic ideals of 1848 were forgotten, so was the tem porary interest in the American

Since Schlaf's beginnings in 1892,German Whitman enthusiasts were continu ously constructing the American

What the American public did understand were the sexually explicit passages-and the reaction was one

"anti-American."

TheDisenthralledHostsofFreedom” IowaWhitmanSeries EdFolsom,serieseditor university of iowa press ,iowa city

Wilentz shows how “the versions of American republicanism multiplied, as men of different backgrounds

“TheChicagoConvention,”Buffalo(NY)MorningExpress,May16, 1860,p.2,col.1.

:H.Dayton,1860.

“Whitmanin1850:ThreeUncollectedArticles.”American Literature19,no.4(January1948):301–17.

His texts about nature as an economic and spiritual resource were eagerly embraced by the American middle

The first American wetlands to be protected were Florida’s Everglades (in 1947), after the national park

“The American South.” LeMaster and Kummings 671–72. ———. “‘O Magnet-South’ (1860).”

Emerson, Whitman, and the American Muse.

“Whitman’s Lesson of the City.” Breaking Bounds: Whitman and American Cultural Studies. Eds.

Letters, as they were gathered and published, were arranged chronologically and assigned numbers.

When new letters were discovered, they were given the number of the preceding letter plus a decimal –

CITY  Mott avenue & 149th street  Station L New York City –I am stopping here till ab’t Aug: 18–(then

in New York City (Corr. 3: 289n). 2.

The plates of the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass, printed by Thayer & Eldridge, were sold to RichardWorthington

They were in the air, in Carlyle's and Emerson's works in particular, and they were not even hers to

body-politic were really a body."

American public health and American national policy.

ultimately an American republic-in which men loving men can live and love and touch openly-a dream city

republic and the American race.

ed.EdwinH.CadyandLouisJ.Budd(Durham,N.C.,1987),273–89at273,283. 2.LeavesofGrass(Boston:ThayerandEldridge,1860

andoneofhisstu- dentsbecamethefirsttoobservespermatozoain1677.Leeuwenhoek’sfamousdraw- ings of sperm were

Emersonwasmusinginhisjournalabout the ways reading and sexual union were intricately and figuratively

“Every hour,”Whitmanknew, was “the semen of centuries” (LG 1860, 226), and America’s hour was now at

“A sprit of my own seminal wet”: Spermatoid Design in Walt Whitman’s 1860 Leaves of Grass

By the time Eliot delivered his address, there were two nineteenth- century American writers whose reputations

In him the hitherto incompatible extremes of the American temperament were 15 fused.”

The possibility of showing the entire American population its own face in the Mirror Screen has at last

In the manuscript, the threat to the city is not mentioned, but rather “all the men were like brothers

He characterizes American landscapes from Canada down to Cuba, rivers and forests, cities and rural areas

–61 edition of Leaves of Grass. although the book was published in 1860, Whitman dated it “1860–61” so

________ ( 30 ) IX I dreamed in a dream of a city where all the men were like brothers, o I saw them

They were also taken at a time when greater public re- straints were being placed on the popularand primarily

to city, and land to land across the 46 universe.

“Whitman and the Gay american ethos.”

“I dreamed in a dream of a city where all men were like brothers,” Whitman wrote in the poem that would

invincible”) are now inscribed on the Camden city hall (LG 1860, 373).

On the eve of the American Civil War in the 1860 Leaves of Grass, Whitman is no longer singing an actu

at the time of the founding were be- ginning to tear the American union apart at the seams.

,moreardent,more general,” Whitman presents the 1860 Leaves of Grass as the “New Bible” of the American

we were quite besieged.

But for the most part his words were few.

were words which somehow his presence often suggested.

If they were faults they were such as could ill be spared.

How did he get it all in a minute, as if it was in it were?

Not profit-based (though books were also sold), the distribution efforts of the American Bible Society

“American books, the physical objects as well as the texts and ideas, were exported around the globe

Mail and American Citizen (which were generally positive about the poet), the Charleston (S.C.)

See American Institute of the City of New York, Thirty-Second Annual Report of the American Institute

[John Reuben Thompson], “A New American Poem,” Southern Field and Fireside (9 June 1860): 20.

Buinicki University of iowa Press iowa city University of Iowa Press, Iowa City 52242 Copyright © 2011

While unity, adhesion, and the bonds that link Americans were themes of Whitman’s poetry before and after

Altogether there were more than thirty peri- odicals which were quoted at 100,000 circulation or over

Whitman’s poetic machinery,” arguing, “Whitman’s memories of the war were also convulsive: they were

It is likely that Whitman and his mother were hearing as many tales of defeat as they were of victory

reception introduction • 3 of Whitman had a remarkable impact on the American one.

For example, the first collection dedicated to American litera- ture in Italy, which came out in 1884

simple because they were strong—they were great because they were healthy.”

Another case in this sense is that of the poem “City of Orgies.”

For Walt, through Naturism, even American democracy became an expressive problem.

There were a few courses in American literature, but they were optional and did not count toward a degree

Whitman was already the "lover of populous pavements, dweller in Mannahatta my city,"84 as he proclaimed

His American friends were also active.

In his papers were found many clippings from the American Phrenological Journal; see CW, X, 75, 86, 89

These accusations were taken up by Frances Winwar in American Giant: Walt Whitman and His Times, but

Such approaches to American literature were necessary to offset the earlier perception ofthe nation's

I wish it were not so.

And these names were not said; they were sung in a surge of enthusiasm and adoration.

Americanism.

Many important American poets were completely unknown in Slovenia, but this was not the case with Whitman