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—Yielding to the gentle influence, I felt myself carried along as it were, like some expert swimmer,

I considered with pain that the golden hours of youth were swiftly gliding; and that my cherished hopes

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

My two acquaintances were both born and bred in the city; they both were sent to good schools; both had

good masters; both were taken among good company; both are tolerably good looking; both dress neatly

There were references to these zones as early as the mid-eighteenth century and they continued to be

In the water, he can swim like a fish; and on horseback, he sits as easily as if he were part of the

somewhat new, he had spent some previous time in drilling those who were to take part.

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

There were references to these zones as early as the mid-eighteenth century and they continued to be

Behavior manuals such as these signified a change in American society that forced young men to learn

Hemphill, Bowing to Necessities: A History of Manners in America 1620-1860, (Oxford University Press,

1999).; The term “good breeding” was understood by nineteenth-century Americans to mean good manners

calculated to depreciate mechanics, Most references to the term "mechanics" in the early nineteenth century were

associated with workers in a master-journeyman-apprentice system (see Charles Quill, The American Mechanic

Whitman is writing to young men who he felt were in danger of turning to putting their well-being and

The "act" of living genteelly generated anxiety for middle-class nineteenth-century Americans since the

Levine, "William Shakespeare and the American People: A Study in Cultural Transformation," The American

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

Whitman works of this period.; Most references to the term "mechanics" in the early nineteenth century were

Whitman is writing to young men who he felt were in danger of turning to putting their well-being and

He also critiqued fashionable elements of American culture in "Sun-Down Papers [No. 9] From the Desk

Levine, "William Shakespeare and the American People: A Study in Cultural Transformation," The American

These types of sentiments were very popular in the various temperance movements that swept through the

Young men were aspiring to climb the social ladder of American cities and therefore were often easily

effects do not follow: for there are some men who have such horse like constitutions, that if they were

I consider that we were placed here for two beneficent purposes, to fulfil our duty, and to enjoy the

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

These types of sentiments were very popular in the various temperance movements that swept through the

Young men were aspiring to climb the social ladder of American cities and therefore were often easily

During this time thoughts on the innocence of children were shifting; children were increasingly seen

Great Awakening: A note of the Study of Christianity in the Early Republic," The Democratization of American

How many persons go down to the grave, praised by the world and pointed to as examples, who were still

dead girl or boy, the transient play is finished: we know that the worst deeds they ever committed were

Shakespeare’s plays were performed by and for all classes in the United States during the nineteenth

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

other known Whitman works of this period.; During this time thoughts on the innocence of children were

shifting; children were increasingly seen as wholly innocent, rather than being tainted by original

Great Awakening: A note of the Study of Christianity in the Early Republic," The Democratization of American

Shakespeare’s plays were performed by and for all classes in the United States during the nineteenth

Some years ago, when my judgement was in the bud, I thought riches were very desirable things.

been up since an hour before sunrise, fussing, and mussing, and toiling and wearying, as if there were

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

And what American blood does not tingle at witnessing this wretched maligner, who publishes the whig

Cities were explored by my enterprise; and the mouldy volumes which for years had lain undisturbed, were

valueless were all the immense stores of learning I had acquired.

With some they were narrow and contracted, making the temple appear insignificant and mean.

Many of the glasses were of so gross a texture, that the temple was completely hid from view.

The cold mists of night had stiffened my limbs, and were falling heavy around on the wet grass.

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

. observing a spear of summer grass," Leaves of Grass (1855); Compare to "Salut au Monde," in the 1860

laufen, to run, as "an idle man who seeks his living by sponging or expedients" (Noah Webster, An American

All the old philosophers were loafers. Take Diogenes for instance.

While the Loco Focos were ostensibly a rival faction to Tammany Hall, the base of operations for the

New York City Democratic Party, they were largely incorporated into the Party after Leggett's death.

These last hints I throw out darkly, as it were.

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

While the Loco Focos were ostensibly a rival faction to Tammany Hall, the base of operations for the

New York City Democratic Party, they were largely incorporated into the Party after Leggett's death.

See Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (

Or, more plausibly, he could be conflating the British Whigs with the American Whig Party (a rival to

Feelings such as love and actions of kindness and generosity should, according to the sentimental Americans

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

Feelings such as love and actions of kindness and generosity should, according to the sentimental Americans

There were Bromero, with his clam-rake, and narrow-brimmed straw hat; Senor Cabinet, with sedate face

We hoisted the American flag on a clam-rake handle, and elevated it in the air, very much to our own

The popular melodies of 'Auld Lang Sayne,' and 'Home, sweet Home,' were sung with great taste and effect

Before we went thither, however, I must not forget to record that we were entertained with some highly

See Douglas Noverr, Jason Stacy eds., Walt Whitman's Selected Journalism (Iowa City: University of Iowa

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

See Douglas Noverr, Jason Stacy eds., Walt Whitman's Selected Journalism (Iowa City: University of Iowa

Lossing, History of New York City: An Outline Sketch of Events from 1609 to 1830, and a Full Account

For further reading, see: Leo Hershkowitz, "The Mill Street Synagogue Reconsidered," American Jewish

Rock, "The Early Years of American Jewish History: Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society

and the Minute Books of Congregation Shearith Israel," American Jewish History 99, no. 2 (2015): 119

And there we were amid the Jews worshipping in their temple.

Lossing, History of New York City: An Outline Sketch of Events from 1609 to 1830, and a Full Account

For further reading, see: Leo Hershkowitz, "The Mill Street Synagogue Reconsidered," American Jewish

Rock, "The Early Years of American Jewish History: Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society

and the Minute Books of Congregation Shearith Israel," American Jewish History 99, no. 2 (2015): 119

Barletta, "In Defense of the Ionic Frieze of the Parthenon," American Journal of Archaeology 113, no.

However, "Zanoni" was an expanded version of "Zicci," and both were written by Lytton.

Hundreds of citizens were gulled into a purchase of the mammoth sheet by this announcement.

They went word for word, and line for line; occasionally patches were transposed and altered, so as to

However, "Zanoni" was an expanded version of "Zicci," and both were written by Lytton.; Our transcription

See Stephen Mintz Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Park, located on the southernmost tip of Manhattan, was formerly an artillery battery to protect the city

We should be better pleased were our city government to have more parks—more open places, where a man

See Stephen Mintz Huck's Raft: A History of American Childhood (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Park, located on the southernmost tip of Manhattan, was formerly an artillery battery to protect the city

In 1842, Great Britain and the United States were engaged in a series of land disputes over territory

The resulting standoff between American and British forces became known as the Aroostook War, despite

Magoc, Imperialism and Expansionism in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia

There speaks the soul of a man of sense, and an American true!

Tyler then speaks of the depreciation of American credit.

.; In 1842, Great Britain and the United States were engaged in a series of land disputes over territory

the boundary had been a matter of debate ever since the Treaty of Paris (1783) that concluded the American

The resulting standoff between American and British forces became known as the Aroostook War, despite

Magoc, Imperialism and Expansionism in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia

He also believed that such redistribution would bring financial stability to many states that were, at

These were brought up to the platform in the centre, and each of the silver ornaments we have described

The main floor, on which we were, was occupied exclusively by men.

Still we could not divest ourselves of the thought that we were amid the people of ancient Jewry; the

there scene vanished from our eyes; the uncouth jabber, and the fantastic garb of the worshippers were

We were in the holy city.

George Alexander Kohut, "A Literary Autobiography of Mordecai Manuel Noah," Publications of the American

over school funding in New York, see: Edwin Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43," American Nineteenth

For our own part, we do not think the city could select a more worthy man than he who at present occupies

By foreigner, Whitman is referring to the Irish Catholic immigrants in New York City.

The Tammany party want, here in New York, a newspaper bold, manly, able, and American in its tenor; a

over school funding in New York, see: Edwin Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43," American Nineteenth

Democratic Party in New York, see: Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American

reelection in 1843.; By foreigner, Whitman is referring to the Irish Catholic immigrants in New York City

They pay us the compliment of saying, that they consider it the best publication in the city.

Were it not that people would cry "tit for tat," we should say what we certainly think, that this good

An American slave revolt occurred in November 1841 on a United States slave ship called the Creole .

British officials there ruled that the slaves were free upon arrival, and they had the right to use force

to gain freedom because they were held illegally as slaves.

.; An American slave revolt occurred in November 1841 on a United States slave ship called the Creole

British officials there ruled that the slaves were free upon arrival, and they had the right to use force

to gain freedom because they were held illegally as slaves.

It is almost impossible to calculate the number of papers that are printed in the city of New York.

In the nineteenth century it was one of the most influential papers in New York City, and one of the

His fame will endure as long as Americans retain a love for the beauty of sentiment or delicacy of style

The American A semi-weekly newspaper, the American (or the New York American ) was quite likely an anti-immigration

No man who reads the American can fail to form an opinion that its editor is a man of violent prejudices

In the nineteenth century it was one of the most influential papers in New York City, and one of the

New York Commercial Advertiser was founded by lexicographer and author Noah Webster in 1793 as the American

papers, and would later become a respected writer in his own right.; A semi-weekly newspaper, the American

(or the New York American) was quite likely an anti-immigration, nativist paper, possibly associated

lay, but also in obtaining the earliest foreign news from incoming vessels" (Frank Luther Mott, American

.— We understand that the Senatorial delegation from this city Referring to the New York state senate

See Howard Jones, To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1783-1843 (Chapel

Were this country to throw her whole strength into a contest with Great Britain, she could humble that

See Howard Jones, To the Webster-Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1783-1843 (Chapel

Were we permitted to give the name of our correspondent, our readers would perceive with what propriety

who claims that the Aurora 's politics border on fanaticism in its concentration on exclusively "American

Whitman argued that the influx of foreign culture and custom was trampling "American" principles of life

And now the public can see what kind of Americanism will characterize the Aurora.

It would be affectation, were we to pretend not to understand what the instances alluded to.

defined as "[t]he principles of those who advocate extreme measures" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American

who claims that the Aurora's politics border on fanaticism in its concentration on exclusively "American

" topics.; Whitman argued that the influx of foreign culture and custom was trampling "American" principles

editor John O'Sullivan in his article "The Great Nation of Futurity," in which O'Sullivan wrote: "The American

minute detail of conduct in a ceremony or in observance of a code" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American

We stood upon the steps of the City Hall about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and saw the passage of the

Thousands of people were gathered together in the Park to witness the scene.

First came a banner bearing the head of Washington, immediately after which were a body of firemen.

We question whether any city in the world can turn out a more manly set of young fellows.

Once make temperance a favorite and fashionable custom among the young men of our city, and the whole

.; The Washingtonians were an organization of reformed alcoholics, mostly made up of members of the working

Sisters': Class and Domesticity in the Washingtonian Temperance Movement, 1840–1850," The Journal of American

He obtained his wealth through selling goods to American revolutionaries as well as investing in ships

He obtained his wealth through selling goods to American revolutionaries as well as investing in ships

Three persons were burnt to death.

No less than one hundred houses were destroyed, depriving one thousand persons of a home" ( The Fireman

Then there were stacks of furniture upon the sidewalks and even in the street; puddles of water, and

crushed as they were crushed!

For our own part, we were never more interested in our life. Then there was music.

Three persons were burnt to death.

No less than one hundred houses were destroyed, depriving one thousand persons of a home" (The Fireman

Wisdom, a reformed alcoholic, who helped form the Washington Temperance Society in New York City.

Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party's center of power in New York City and its headquarters.

Tammany controlled politics in New York City by means of bribery, political appointments, and securing

the support of new immigrants who were welcomed into the Party.

The fanning of flames of discord, and the attempts of a moiety According to the American Dictionary of

Morris was defeated in 1844 by the nativist American Republicans, and their candidate, James Harper.

.; Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party's center of power in New York City and its headquarters.

Tammany controlled politics in New York City by means of bribery, political appointments, and securing

the support of new immigrants who were welcomed into the Party.

Morris was defeated in 1844 by the nativist American Republicans, and their candidate, James Harper.

Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (Oxford: Oxford University Press

The "school question" refers to the controversy surrounding early 1840s public schooling in New York City

By the 1840s, over a full third of the population of New York City consisted of immigrants, nearly half

of which were Irish.

"Where" asks the writer, "are the thunders of the American press?"

Alas, were we to publish what he has written, we should hear enough of those, with not enough of American

The "school question" refers to the controversy surrounding early 1840s public schooling in New York City

Irish Catholics were by far the most vocal and politically influential group opposing the teaching methods

of New York City consisted of immigrants, nearly half of which were Irish.

with having to subject their children to the teachings of a Protestant curriculum, where educators were

directly opposed those of the largely Democratic working class and immigrant population (James Grant

See Carolee Inskeep, The Graveyard Shift: A Family Historian's Guide to New York City Cemeteries (New

It may possibly not be known to all our readers that in the eastern section of the city great excitement

We were thrilled at reading the anecdote given above.

See Carolee Inskeep, The Graveyard Shift: A Family Historian's Guide to New York City Cemeteries (New

For further reading, see: Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York

We read it with pleasure through three or four pages, when, all of a sudden, how were our eyes startled

Dickens, and that it expresses the utmost satisfaction with the complimentary course pursued by the Americans

—this loathsome agent of damnation claims the additional merit of having been spawned, not in an American

For further reading, see: Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York

slavery is demonstrated in Leaves of Grass by the way in which he consistently includes African Americans

, various Whitman texts show that he had little tolerance for abolitionism, that he thought blacks were

It would be well if the English abolitionists were to reflect upon it.

has been used less often to portray the UK ("John Bull and Uncle Sam: Four Centuries of British-American

In England, nine-tenths of the population do not enjoy the common comforts of life.

slavery is demonstrated in Leaves of Grass by the way in which he consistently includes African Americans

, various Whitman texts show that he had little tolerance for abolitionism, that he thought blacks were

has been used less often to portray the UK ("John Bull and Uncle Sam: Four Centuries of British-American

Whitman and the Aurora were strongly opposed to the bill, and despite Whitman's optimism here that the

Whitman and the Aurora were strongly opposed to the bill, and despite Whitman's optimism here that the

5 o'clock yesterday afternoon, a collection of people began to congregate in the Park, Most likely City

Hall Park, near the intersection of Broadway and Park Row in lower Manhattan, just south of New York City

Purdy (birth and death dates unknown) served on the New York City council as President of the Board of

Valentine, Manual of the Corporation of the City of New York for 1853 [New York City: McSpedon & Baker

A great portion of the audience were women.

.; Most likely City Hall Park, near the intersection of Broadway and Park Row in lower Manhattan, just

south of New York City Hall.; Elijah F.

Purdy (birth and death dates unknown) served on the New York City council as President of the Board of

Valentine, Manual of the Corporation of the City of New York for 1853 [New York City: McSpedon & Baker

In 1842, he was listed in the New York City directory as being a coal inspector or coal measurer, but

Whitman is likely referring to "City Hall Park."

In October 1842, Croton Fountain was unveiled in City Hall Park, which celebrated the completion of the

For a moment he waits, taking aim, as it were—leans his head slightly one side, cocks his eye with a

And here, were we disposed to be philosophical, we might expatiate at full length on the propriety of

Were it amiss to look on them, engaged as they are so earnestly—as but mimics of the strife that occupies

.; Whitman is likely referring to "City Hall Park."

In October 1842, Croton Fountain was unveiled in City Hall Park, which celebrated the completion of the

The exact measurement of a rod is five and a half yards (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American Dictionary

Jonathan" stood for the "common" people and embodied conflicting views such as egalitarianism and American

Postal Guide and Official Advertiser 1, no. 1 [Washington D.C., 1850]: 163; Winifred Morgan, An American

Icon: Brother Jonathan and American Identity [London: Associated Press, 1988], 34–36). came out with

However, "Zanoni" was an expanded version of "Zicci," and both were written by Lytton.

Duyckinck, Cyclopedia of American Literature; Embracing Personal and Critical Notes of Authors [New York

Jonathan" stood for the "common" people and embodied conflicting views such as egalitarianism and American

Postal Guide and Official Advertiser 1, no. 1 [Washington D.C., 1850]: 163; Winifred Morgan, An American

Icon: Brother Jonathan and American Identity [London: Associated Press, 1988], 34–36).; Zanoni (1842

However, "Zanoni" was an expanded version of "Zicci," and both were written by Lytton.

Duyckinck, Cyclopedia of American Literature; Embracing Personal and Critical Notes of Authors [New York

yard in Chrystie street—that have caused so much excitement of late in the eastern section of the city

graves, possibly in search of cadavers for medical education, a phenomenon not unusual in New York City

If we were asked the particular trait of national character from which might be apprehended the greatest

But it has been reserved for our city to put the damning climax to these deeds that disgrace humanity

the very wickedest criminal at Sing Sing Sing Sing was a prison located 32 miles north of New York City

graves, possibly in search of cadavers for medical education, a phenomenon not unusual in New York City

no. 2 (2003): 55–71, especially 66–67.; Sing Sing was a prison located 32 miles north of New York City

see: Lee Bernstein, "The Hudson River School of Incarceration: Sing Sing in Antebellum New York," American

.— At most of the whig head quarters, yesterday, throughout the city, the flags were displayed at half

constitutional successor assumed his seat, elected precisely on the same grounds—yet, "ere those shoes were

We were represented there each day.

Both novels, however, were written by Lytton.

lemonade, and then drove home, where we arrived in abundant season to see that the friends of the Aurora were

Both novels, however, were written by Lytton.

Americans, who have revelled in the lap of plenty, can have but a faint conception of the horror of the

instituted an enquiry into the actual state of the case, A number of organizations in England at the time were

Brettell), 1840, 3–8. and persons were appointed to the sad duty of visiting the regions of distress,

Think of these things, Americans!

In "Black and White Slaves" he writes, "In England, nine-tenths of the population do not enjoy the common

.; A number of organizations in England at the time were attempting to repeal Great Britain's Corn Laws

In "Black and White Slaves" he writes, "In England, nine-tenths of the population do not enjoy the common

Vol. 1 [New York: The American News Company, 1864], 7–11).

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43," American Nineteenth

Matsell (1811–1877) was a Democrat who, in 1840, was appointed police commissioner of New York City at

When we came up, they were just in the crisis of their game, and occupying clear across the walk.

And so we concocted this foregoing (what were you about, at half past 8, last night, dear reader?)

Vol. 1 [New York: The American News Company, 1864], 7–11).

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43," American Nineteenth

Matsell (1811–1877) was a Democrat who, in 1840, was appointed police commissioner of New York City at

31 years old, making him the youngest individual to ever receive the appointment (William Hunt, American

was noted that the plagiarized piece went "word for word, and line for line; occasionally patches were

Tammany Hall was a Democratic Party organization in New York City (Hon. William C.

Gover, The Tammany Hall Democracy of the City of New York [New York: Martin B. Brown, 1875], 5–6).

He was a Democrat and resided in New York City much of his life.

a master of procedure of the common law system ( Report of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the American

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43," American Nineteenth

.; Tammany Hall was a Democratic Party organization in New York City (Hon. William C.

Gover, The Tammany Hall Democracy of the City of New York [New York: Martin B.

.; Daniel Dudley Field II (1805–1894) was a lawyer and a long-standing influential member of the American

He was a Democrat and resided in New York City much of his life.

Sedgwick (1812–1868), who practiced law in New York City and served in the state legislature.; Likely

John's Hall is now one of the four residence halls at Fordham University in New York City.

They knelt to the Pope himself; Americans , to the abjectest menials of the Pope.

has usurped Anglo-American power. they are content to be thus servile!

Let them act as men —come out, as American patriots, and defy the priest Hughes to do his worst.

It were better that all should be lost, than such a precedent established.

John's Hall is now one of the four residence halls at Fordham University in New York City.

John's College, was founded in 1841 by Hughes (Richard Panchyk, Catholic New York City [New York: Arcadia

pots and kettles, and does other menial services in the kitchen" (Noah Webster, John Walker, An American

For more on Tammany Hall, see: Terry Golway, Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American

has usurped Anglo-American power.; From Scene II, Act III of William Shakespeare's Macbeth.; Most likely

and Rector, a church that has stood at that location since 1808 ("History," Grace Church in New York City

The first cannons were placed there in defense of New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) when it

and Rector, a church that has stood at that location since 1808 ("History," Grace Church in New York City

The first cannons were placed there in defense of New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) when it

They were as follows. President: James Tallmadge (NY).

Bartlett (MA) ( The American Laborer [New York: Greeley & McElrath, 1843], 1: 35).

We hope the American nation will not allow these hypocrites to deceive them.

The Home League are in favor of strong measures to protect American manufactures.

It would be far better, were the national expenses paid by direct taxation.

.; The "great guns" were likely the leaders of the Home League speaking at the National Home Industry

They were as follows. President: James Tallmadge (NY).

Bartlett (MA) (The American Laborer [New York: Greeley & McElrath, 1843], 1: 35).; A Protective Tariff

They were a common policy of the early nineteenth century until the Compromise Tariff of 1833, which

called for a "gradual reduction of duties until the year 1842, when they were to be 20 percent, or under

Tammany Hall, founded in 1786, was the New York City headquarters of the Democratic Party that played

a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics.

From the 1840s onward, Irish Catholics that resided in the city held the majority of power.

Gover, The Tammany Hall Democracy of the City of New York (New York: Martin B. Brown, 1875), 5–6.

.; Tammany Hall, founded in 1786, was the New York City headquarters of the Democratic Party that played

a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics.

From the 1840s onward, Irish Catholics that resided in the city held the majority of power.

Gover, The Tammany Hall Democracy of the City of New York (New York: Martin B.

It is almost needless to add that our mind swells with gratitude to those inhabitants of our city, and

over our heads, encourages us more and more in our determination to render Aurora the paper of the city

We glory in being true Americans . And we profess to impress Aurora with the same spirit.

We have taken high American ground—not the ground of exclusiveness, of partiality, of bigotted bias against

prospects cloudless and aspirations lofty, and evidences of public favor which, we proudly boast, were

However, Whitman also opposed the Native American Party, which explicitly opposed Irish Catholic immigration

— A great fight came off last evening between Mike Walsh's Spartans The Spartans were a nativist group

of American-born and Irish Protestants that feared the rise of the Irish Catholics in New York.

Centre Street, in the Lower Manhattan area of New York City, extends from Park Row to the intersection

In the nineteenth century, it was less than a block from the Five Points intersection in the city's 6th

True, they are occasionally rather fond of a "muss," but they are imbued with the true blue American

The Spartans were a nativist group of American-born and Irish Protestants that feared the rise of the

of Rebellion (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005).; Centre Street, in the Lower Manhattan area of New York City

In the nineteenth century, it was less than a block from the Five Points intersection in the city's 6th

Maclay, who was the chair of the Committee on Colleges, Academies, and Common Schools for New York City

In 1841, before the Maclay Bill was proposed, two senate and 13 assembly seats were up for reelection

The Democratic Party also ran three candidates who were not endorsed by the Catholic Association and

We were in hopes that there were some remnants of spirit in the bosoms of the democratic leaders at Albany—remnants

through the means of votes from men who have any American feeling.

Maclay, who was the chair of the Committee on Colleges, Academies, and Common Schools for New York City

Liberty 3 (2008): 267.; In 1841, before the Maclay Bill was proposed, two senate and 13 assembly seats were

The Democratic Party also ran three candidates who were not endorsed by the Catholic Association and

Pratt, "Religious Conflict in the Development of the New York City Public School System," History of

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840-43," American Nineteenth

See Joann Krieg, Walt Whitman and the Irish (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press), 40-45.

Morris (1808–1855) was the Democratic candidate and the incumbent for the New York City Mayoral election

Its Religious Discontents, 1805-1840," American Education History Journal 37, no. 2 (2010): 455–471.

Belohlavek, "John Tyler: The Accidental President," The Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007):

According to the 1841 Journal of the American Temperance Union , regular meetings were held at Washington

See Joann Krieg, Walt Whitman and the Irish (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press), 40-45.

Morris (1808–1855) was the Democratic candidate and the incumbent for the New York City Mayoral election

Its Religious Discontents, 1805-1840," American Education History Journal 37, no. 2 (2010): 455–471.

Belohlavek, "John Tyler: The Accidental President," The Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007):

According to the 1841 Journal of the American Temperance Union, regular meetings were held at Washington

The first patterings of the tempest—the reveille —the portents of the coming battle—were to be seen and

Belohlavek, "John Tyler: The Accidental President," The Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007):

About six o'clock, we stepped over in front of the City Hall to see what was going on.

Smith The 1842-43 New York City Directory lists James M.

We presume respectable Americans would not grieve much were the "whole hog" Irish.

laufen, "to run," as "an idle man who seeks his living by sponging or expedients" (Noah Webster, An American

Belohlavek, "John Tyler: The Accidental President," The Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007):

Allen, The Tiger: the Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall (Addison–Wesley, 1993).; The 1842-43 New York City

=V000028; Whitman here is referencing Bishop John Hughes (1797–1864) who led the fight in New York City

Its Religious Discontents, 1805–1840," American Education History Journal 37, no. 2 (2010): 455–471.