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The "school question" refers to the controversy surrounding early 1840s public schooling in New York City

By the 1840s, over a full third of the population of New York City consisted of immigrants, nearly half

of which were Irish.

"Where" asks the writer, "are the thunders of the American press?"

Alas, were we to publish what he has written, we should hear enough of those, with not enough of American

The "school question" refers to the controversy surrounding early 1840s public schooling in New York City

Irish Catholics were by far the most vocal and politically influential group opposing the teaching methods

of New York City consisted of immigrants, nearly half of which were Irish.

with having to subject their children to the teachings of a Protestant curriculum, where educators were

directly opposed those of the largely Democratic working class and immigrant population (James Grant

The 1860 census put Brooklyn's population at 266,661 inhabitants, making it the third–largest city in

Of these 511 were of stone, valued at $5,000,000; and 8,039 were of brick, valued at $40,000,000.

The rest were, of course, wooden edifices, and were valued at $30,000,000.

The topography of the city of Brooklyn is very fine.

The City Hall is a handsome structure enough.

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

style and content of the piece are consistent with other known Whitman writings of this period.; The 1860

census put Brooklyn's population at 266,661 inhabitants, making it the third–largest city in the United

there had existed two associated companies, the first of which was established in 1839.; The Brooklyn City

The Baltimore Clipper sets up in defence, that however wicked the American-governed city of Baltimore

may be, it is it it it is not so bad as the Republican city of Boston, or the Democratic city of Brooklyn

the ratio of crime is great in proportion to the population than in any of the large cities on our seaboard

than in any other of the five cities which have been mentioned.

We have been used to hear Brooklyn called the City of Churches and its population a most moral and virtuous

British General William Howe defeated American General George Washington.

All were swept away by the great fire of '48.

After the fire, the courts were transferred to City Hall. Mrs.

The population of Brooklyn was then but eighteen or twenty thousand.

Johnson was an Episcopalian pastor in New York City as early as the 1830s and as late as the 1860s.

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

British General William Howe defeated American General George Washington.

After the fire, the courts were transferred to City Hall.; The old Log Cabin to which Whitman refers

Johnson was an Episcopalian pastor in New York City as early as the 1830s and as late as the 1860s.;

of Brooklyn in 1837.; Joshua Rogers was another Brooklyn city Alderman in 1837.; R.

to have the theatre as "a permanency" in our city.

The Marquis de Lafayette was a Frenchman who fought in the American Revolution.

The Prince of Wales visited New York in October 1860.

The Japanese ambassadors visited in May and June 1860.

Such were some of the "events" of those former times in Brooklyn.

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

Many notable names in American theatre also graced its stage, including Edwin Booth and Eleonore Duse

Brooklyn Museum was closed in January 1851.; The Marquis de Lafayette was a Frenchman who fought in the American

Whitman's America (New York: Knopf, 1995), 33–34.; The Prince of Wales visited New York in October 1860

The Japanese ambassadors visited in May and June 1860.; Whitman gives his history of the Apprentices

these histories of Brooklyn after the firing on Fort Sumter in 1861 and contends that the articles were

At the very earliest, schools and churches were established.

The original Dutch, it ought to be known, were among the most learned nations of Europe.

The universities of Holland were among the best.

Libraries were well stocked—and the invention of printing was really discovered there.

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

these histories of Brooklyn after the firing on Fort Sumter in 1861 and contends that the articles were

See Genoways, Walt Whitman and the Civil War: America's Poet during the Lost Years of 1860–1862 (Berkeley

Sunday Railroad Travel—Proportion of Churches to Population Sunday Railroad Travel—Proportion of Churches

to Population.

That the non-church-going class, even of the City of Churches, is a majority of the population, is a

The population numbers about 200,000. In other words, there is one church per 1428 people.

The inference is, that only about one third of the population are habitual church-goers.

with those of last year in point of numbers, while in respectability of demeanor and attire it far exceeded

The twenty distinguished gentlemen whose names were on the bills did not appear—and to our mind the meeting

Consequently the managing committee had to fall back on local speakers, and the audience were probably

reception evinced the depth of interest with which this ferry question is regarded by the people of this city

of the Executive Committee appointed at the mass meeting of the Citizens of Brooklyn, held at the City

That the Water Works of the city, if they operate at all, as there is no doubt they will, will confer

a benefit on the city far exceeding their pecuniary cost, both by raising the value of property and

twelve millions of dollars worth of benefit from them, that we are to pay more for them than they were

the wealthy, the wise, the good, of the city par excellence .

The city has therefore a right to expect from such men, so appointed, an administration of pre-eminent

What is now the paved and populous city around us was then of course a sparse collection of old fashioned

York city at all hazards; and this was to be done through Brooklyn.

While these things were under way here, and the people on this island and elsewhere were in great excitement

Over the river, in New York city, among the people, the “Liberty Boys” were not content with the ringing

thousand American martyrs!

Kings), as is probably known to many of our readers, used to be at Flatbush, and the County Courts were

to be held, and all writs and processes were returnable, at the new Court-house in Brooklyn.

have been held at that place were transferred to the Apprentices Library in Brooklyn.

Then there were conflicting opinions, too, about the preference for different sites.

Some of these, we believe, were really purchased; and the Supreme Court and Court of Appeals [were] invoked

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

He died in office.; Anthony Campbell served as sheriff from November 1860 to November 1863.; Our transcription

History of the Introduction of Water into the City HISTORY OF THE INTRODUCTION OF WATER INTO THE CITY

As early as 1835, public meetings were held on the subject of a water supply.

relied upon as sources of supply for the city.

were to be laid, and eight hundred hydrants provided for the then wants of the city.

On the 27th of March the report of the committe were adopted.

The population of the State of New York was 3,426,212; of these only 2,222,341 were natives of the State

Of the 652,322 voters, 135,577 were naturalized.

In Kings County there were 18,277 native voters against 14,350 adopted.

In live stock Kings does not retain the high relative position it occupies as regards population.

of the State are church goers; and the proportion in this city of churches is below even that of the

[The Newark Mercury says] The Newark Mercury says, there are in that city, at the present time, some

The population of Newark is about 50,000, and when we consider that many of those who are out of work

have families depending upon them, we can image to what a state of penury and misery the population

of that city will soon be reduced, with so large a proportion of its numbers thrown out of employment

and that there was very little chance of the men obtaining work elsewhere, he concluded that they were

Parks are required, of all cities, least in a suburban city like Brooklyn; and of all locations Ridgewood

Cypress Hills and Evergreens —which will when finished be park enough for ten times our present population

The 14th and 12th wards of the city are the localities were parks should be made, some quarter century

present and until that period we have quite as much open space and as many breathing spots as our population

The Spanish American Republics THE SPANISH AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

abroad, before we attempt the acquisition of any Territory belonging to any of the Central or South American

Are we willing to take the population of Central America, uneducated as they are, and unfit to judge

Our own people do not seem to know that this is the population that we must take with the Central American

We do not think that we are prepared to annex the Central American republics to this confederacy.

Car Question, after a thorough discussion on the part of the speakers, preachers, and writers of the city

Brooklyn, by general consent, has received the appellation of the City of Churches, and in common with

were habitual attendants at places of worship.

, rather than to the consolidated city; and that the proportion of churches to population is greater

We need go no further than the Sunday car discussion in this city to illustrate our meaning.

Ireland, Records of the New York Stage, from 1750 to 1860 (New York: T. H.

By 1845, Sefton had played Jemmy Twitcher 360 times in New York City.

He achieved fame in New York City in the 1820s for his forceful and aggressive style of acting.

Intensely American himself, he Americanized the stage in this country."

the "first American actress of any importance to play major roles in England."

.; The Park Theater was located on Park Row, near City Hall Park, before burning down in 1848.; Arthur

Ireland, Records of the New York Stage, from 1750 to 1860 (New York: T. H.

By 1845, Sefton had played Jemmy Twitcher 360 times in New York City.

Intensely American himself, he Americanized the stage in this country."

the "first American actress of any importance to play major roles in England."

Our worthy contemporaries, the Sun and the Tribune, The Sun was a New York City based daily newspaper

The Sun aimed to attract the increasingly literate populations of the working class.

Even though it featured many sensationalized stories that were discredited, The Sun persisted in some

Greeley intended for the paper to tell unbiased news, his social views associated with abolitionism were

This is a reference to the New York City Democratic Party.

.; The Sun was a New York City based daily newspaper that was founded in 1833 and initially edited by

The Sun aimed to attract the increasingly literate populations of the working class.

Even though it featured many sensationalized stories that were discredited, The Sun persisted in some

Greeley intended for the paper to tell unbiased news, his social views associated with abolitionism were

For more information on this struggle, see: Diane Ravitch, The Great School Wars: New York City, 1805

The AMERICAN REVIEW, a Whig journal of Politics, Literature, and Science. August, 1846. G. H.

Whoever is the writer though, it is disgraceful to him as a man and an American that he should lead and

The American is intended, we believe, as an offset to the Democratic Review.

—We learn from its beginning, the somewhat singular fact, that never, in the history of England, were

, its statistics, population, commerce, &c.

City Photographs—No. VII [Written for the Leader.] CITY PHOTOGRAPHS—NO. VII. THE BOWERY.

Both were named for the North-South streets that ran through their hearts and both boasted a host of

After a successful career as an explorer of the American West, John Charles Frémont became the newly

population.

"Velsor Brush" was Whitman's pseudonym for the "City Photographs" series.

Glicksberg first identified Whitman as the author of the "City Photographs" series in Walt Whitman and

Both were named for the North-South streets that ran through their hearts and both boasted a host of

A rift within the Republican Party in the early 1860s resulted in radical abolitionists calling for new

population.; "Velsor Brush" was Whitman's pseudonym for the "City Photographs" series.

Bohan, Looking into Walt Whitman: American Art, 1850–1920 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University

We have noticed in several of the public schools of this city, that drawing is among the studies pursued

Many drawing books of the period were part of a larger democratic effort to cultivate the taste of the

Marzio, The Art Crusade: An Analysis of American Drawing Manuals, 1820–1860 (Washington: Smithsonian

.; Many drawing books of the period were part of a larger democratic effort to cultivate the taste of

Marzio, The Art Crusade: An Analysis of American Drawing Manuals, 1820–1860 (Washington: Smithsonian

Matters Which Were Seen and Done in an Afternoon Ramble MATTERS WHICH WERE SEEN AND DONE IN AN AFTERNOON

Members were also eligible for a drawing of original works of art by living American artists.

On the history of the American Art–Union, see Mary Bartlett Cowdrey, American Academy of Fine Arts and

once back on American soil.

In Greek mythology, the Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas who were pursued by Orion until Zeus

Until its demise in 1852, the American Art–Union sponsored free exhibitions of the work of American artists

Members were also eligible for a drawing of original works of art by living American artists.

On the history of the American Art–Union, see Mary Bartlett Cowdrey, American Academy of Fine Arts and

once back on American soil.

In Greek mythology, the Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas who were pursued by Orion until Zeus

The slopes of the hill were occupied by cornfields and potatoe patches; the summits were covered with

rank vegetation and great forest trees, and the valleys were swamps.

There are also a large number of removals going on from city grave yards.

The establishment of the Cemetery has done much to populate the neighborhood.

populous village has grown up in the valley.

—Future Population.—State of Paumanok.—Landed Interest Valued.—South Bay.

It is argued that there are some dozen or twenty Long Islands here and there on the American coast and

future times significant as the seat of one of the most beautiful and intelligent of the first class cities

of the great nation of the Lenni-Lenape, or Delawares, of which stock the aborigines of this region were

there are all varieties of soil and appearance, from the gradually sloping eminences of the great city

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

The place where this bloody massacre occurred is Cabool Cabool (Kabul) was an Afghani capital city with

a population of 60,000 (circa 1831–1833).

Whitman mentions the city's fortification; the city is built of sun-dried bricks and wood.

Journal Of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 33, no. 3 (2010): 1–21. , a fortified city, situated

between the northern United States and British North American colonies.

.; Cabool (Kabul) was an Afghani capital city with a population of 60,000 (circa 1831–1833).

Whitman mentions the city's fortification; the city is built of sun-dried bricks and wood.

Whitman brought this to light because the relations between Britain and the United States were still

tense after the War of 1812, and the Britain and the US were in the middle of negotiations of borders

between the northern United States and British North American colonies.

The young men of Athens, and other Greek cities, were trained in their bodily, mental, and moral developments

cities.

Nor were they, for all these rough exercises, a brutal or bloody-minded race; but, on the contrary, were

There were also songs, dances, and musical instruments.

They were also invariably held in the open air.

Two years later, it will appear for the first time in Leaves of Grass (1860 edition), in "Proto-Leaf,

Silver's "Whitman in 1850: Three Uncollected Articles," in American Literature 19, no. 4 (1948): 301—

, 1984), 6:2233.; Our transcription is based on a digital image of an original issue held at the American

here; for literally every one went from both districts of this city to the other side of the river.

The cars, the ferry boats, the City Hall, all the public and many private buildings, were decorated by

of population, the day might have been almost mistaken for Sunday.

As the morning advanced, crowds of another character were on the move.

who are residents of Brooklyn, and who were about to join their respective corps.

Were but one million of families enabled to spend fifty-six dollars each additional, it would procure

Our policy should be to prevent the accumulation of a pauper population around large cities—populate

In this connection he incidentally expressed the belief that were a few ultras of teh North and South

Here we have locomotives passing through a not overcrowded or populous avenue of the city, at a carefully

constituents, but this feeling, laudable as it is, may be carried to excess, and the interests of the city

the sense in which they did last evening, we may as well call a mass meeting weekly to conduct the city

this Atlantic street matter, but the firemen’s squabbles which occupied two thirds of the meeting, were

These subjects were introduced solely to make capital for the ensuing election; and they were discussed

in the summer, as if there was no danger to public health from any cause but epidemics—as if there were

regular and constant sanitary reforms and obligations to be introduced and enforced throughout the city

There are practices carried on, which are destructive to the salubrity of the city—there is a general

below those of almost every city of similar size on earth.

What then does Brooklyn need, in order to guarantee, that in her limits, density of population shall

Broadway borders City Hall Park on the west.

Near the City Hotel The City hotel was located at 123 Broadway "between Cedar and Thames streets."

See Thomas Longworth, Longworth's American Almanac, New-York Register, and City Directory (New York:

The Globe Hotel was located at 66 Broadway in New York City.

He wrote, "The chief street of a great city is a curious epitome of the life of the city; and when that

was located at 162 Nassau Street in New York's so-called "Newspaper Row," just across Park Row from City

It had several features that were unheard of in contemporary hotels. According to Edwin G.

See Thomas Longworth, Longworth's American Almanac, New-York Register, and City Directory (New York:

Gideon, 1841), 14.; The Globe Hotel was located at 66 Broadway in New York City.

He wrote, "The chief street of a great city is a curious epitome of the life of the city; and when that

Then New York will be more populous than London or Paris, and, it is to be hoped, as great a city as

cities.

This phrase signifies the "upper ten thousand," or upper classes of major American cities and is usually

According to the 1849 "Bulletin of the American Art Union," "The American Art Union . . . was incorporated

1852 ("The American Art Union," The New York Times , June 12, 1852).

on July 4, 1842 and was the first large-scale water distribution system to supply water to New York City

Reservoir was demolished in 1899 and replaced by the New York Public Library in 1911 (William Hayes, City

cities and is usually ascribed to author and critic Nathaniel Parker Willis (1806–1867).; According

According to the 1849 "Bulletin of the American Art Union," "The American Art Union . . . was incorporated

1852 ("The American Art Union," The New York Times, June 12, 1852).

voted for the Wilmot Proviso, and that in 1858, to the great disgust not only of the Republican and American

in Kansas affairs, he would have retired from power, receiving that homage and respect which the American

The Democratic members of the 35th Congress were elected on the platform of principles enunciated by

That bill, which in effect declared that Kansas had population sufficient to be admitted as a State with

Maclay, notwithstanding that, before his votes were given, a Committee of Congress appointed to visit

New York, surrounded as they are with all their water–advantages, ought to have an almost entire population

Public baths ought to be established by the city, where the people could bathe free.

For all that, the day will come when Free Public Baths will be established, at the cost of the city,

As one looks around Brooklyn, New York, and other American cities–as he sees such multitudes of undeveloped

W E alluded in the last paper to the fact that though the inhabitants and wealth of Long Island were

mostly concentrated in Brooklyn, there were still other sections, forming the vast remainder of the island

, that were well worthy of record and of further investigation than has yet been afforded them by our

years, it was confidently counted on that this spot, and the railroad of which it was the terminus, were

We were along there a few days since, and could not help stopping, and giving the reins for a few moments

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

the Long Island Historical Society in 1863 and served as its president until 1873.; The Leffertses were

residence at the corner of Fulton Street and Nostrand Avenue in 1838, was an executive of the Brooklyn City

Redding is unidentified.; James Henry Hackett (1800–1871) was an American actor associated with the Academy

In 1613 there were four houses on Manhattan island, occupied by Europeans—these were down towards where

Emory Holloway, (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1921), 2:228.

The first serious attempts at planting a settlement here were in 1618.

These emigrants consisted mostly of Walloons, as they were called.

Romantic stories were told in early times about these same Rapljes Rapeljes .

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

these histories of Brooklyn after the firing on Fort Sumter in 1861 and contends that the articles were

See Genoways, Walt Whitman and the Civil War: America's Poet during the Lost Years of 1860–1862 (Berkeley

Emory Holloway, (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1921), 2:228.; "Wallabout" is a mutation

The tendency even of the emigration westward is to settle in towns and cities—to inhabit or found urban

, rather than to populate rural localities.

There is an unhealthy love for city life and city dissipation engendered in the mind of youth, which

It would be much preferable if less pork and more mutton were raised in many agricultural localities.

would be far less want and distress in our large cities than there now is.

Rents are singularly low, in certain parts of the city, especially in East Brooklyn.

One reason of this is, that building speculations, up to about a year and a half ago, were enormously

Large tracts of ground were bought on credit, and rows of houses built in the same manner—the debts to

It has had the effect to cover several sections of the city with very handsome rows of unoccupied houses

Perhaps the principal reason after all, of the unprecedented growth of Brooklyn in population is to be

objection urged by the Star is equally untenable—that New York rowdies would be attracted here if the cars were

rowdies with the means of coming here; but running the cars can tend only to convenience our own population

carrying out the view which his Honor the Mayor, in common with nineteen-twentieths of the public of our city

, entertain as to the necessity and expediency of directing the City Railroad Company to place on their

a sufficient number of cars to accommodate all wishing on that day to travel from one part of the city

City Photographs—No. III [Written for the Leader.] CITY PHOTOGRAPHS—NO. III.

The case is recorded with great faithfulness and detail in the American Medical Register of this city

in 1832 and impressed American theater-goers.

John Watson served as President of the New York Academy of Medicine in the 1860s.

–1839) was an American painter. and this the coloring of Henry Inman.

Glicksberg first identified Whitman as the author of the "City Photographs" series in Walt Whitman and

of the New York Hospital consisted mostly of prominent businessmen and wealthy patrons of New York City

in 1832 and impressed American theater-goers.

Edmund Kean was a famous actor and a contemporary of Kemble and Siddons, as were his son Charles and

–1839) was an American painter.; Henry Inman (1801–1846) was an American painter and John Wesley Jarvis's

Warren Cleveland, we are enabled to present an abstract from the annual report of deaths in the city

This shows an apparent excess of mortality over that of last year of 2071, notwithstanding our city has

Of the victims of this disease 321 were native born and 393 were born, in foreign countries.

1459 were of foreign birth.

favorably with the mortality of other cities.

It only needs to be considered, for a moment, what a proportion of the parents, in great cities, bear

Then again—same source as above— "Of the deaths in New York City last year, 14,948, more than half of

the whole number, were of children under five years.

It is a proportion of infant mortality that is scarcely paralleled in any other Christian city; but its

The wretched poverty of the newly-arrived emigrant population, the damp, mouldy cellars in which they

Among the "lions" of the great American metropolis, New York city, is the Picture Gallery at the upper

Termed "the American Daguerre" by the press, he soon fell on financial hard times and in 1847 sold his

Quoted in Robert Lifset, Power on the Hudson: Storm King Mountain and the Emergence of Modern American

James Kent (1763–1847) was an American jurist, legal scholar and chancellor of the New York Court of

Mickle (1805–1863) was Mayor of New York city, 1846–1847.

Termed "the American Daguerre" by the press, he soon fell on financial hard times and in 1847 sold his

Quoted in Robert Lifset, Power on the Hudson: Storm King Mountain and the Emergence of Modern American

James Kent (1763–1847) was an American jurist, legal scholar and chancellor of the New York Court of

Everett (1790–1847) was a diplomat, politician and man of letters.; Luigi Persico (1791-1860) was an

Mickle (1805–1863) was Mayor of New York city, 1846–1847.

City Photographs—No. VI [Written for the Leader.] CITY PHOTOGRAPHS—NO.VI. THE BOWERY.

William Sefton and John Sefton were brothers.

American actor Edwin Forrest was a divisive figure, with numerous followers and enemies.

For such were the plays, and finely sustained, that we used to go and see at the Old Bowery.)

Louisa Medina was the first American female playwright to make a living as a dramatist.

Glicksberg first identified Whitman as the author of the "City Photographs" series in Walt Whitman and

.; The Franklin Theatre, known for its small size, opened in 1835.; William Sefton and John Sefton were

An American version controversially cast the actress Adah Isaacs Menken as Mazeppa, traditionally a male

American actor Edwin Forrest was a divisive figure, with numerous followers and enemies.

See Joseph Norton Ireland, Records of the New York Stage, from 1750 to 1860 (New York: T. H.

Unless the whole constitution of the world were altered our very existence depends upon our sensibility

foot while he was swimming with out his entertaining the slightest suspicion of the ravages which were

Without pain, this limit would be constantly exceeded, and epicures, experiencing no uneasy sensations

This of itself would be an accident of incessant occurrence if the monitor were wanting which makes us

When one looks at the hosts of our “city young men” who are prematurely faded by contact with day-book

enactment, decided on certain physiological purgings (if we may call them so,) that mark a new era in American

By its repressive policy, maintained for centuries, it has accumulated upon its vast area a population

these copper colored men may overwhelm the other races on this coast by their numbers—as limitless as were

We are also to remember that, while we write this, the population there in China comprises nearly four

From our American position on the shores of the Pacific, we cannot but look with deep interest on all

has vastly increased, and that a regular stampede has taken place which threatens to depopulate the city

the other side of the Rocky Mountains, but that our own States will be more or less affected as they were

The new territory will be populated as if by magic and what is now a wilderness will be thickly studded

with cities and towns.

No. 10 Old Stock of Our City.—The Burial Ground in Fulton Ave., above Smith street.

with crowds of interesting traditions and venerable facts of our city—giving it a broad mellow light

British General William Howe defeated American General George Washington.

, from the beginning down to the late date when burials in our limits were prohibited by law.

But they were strewed so plenteously that a fair portion has been secured and kept.

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

British General William Howe defeated American General George Washington.

Despite their defeat, the American troops' subsequent escape from Long Island without being attacked

The Society played an active role in New York City politics until it was disbanded in the 1960s.; Our

Amid the Anglo-Saxon Protestant Christianity—so-called—of the city of New York, the African slave trade

Upon consideration, we substitute dashes for the names, which were originally inserted in full.

Through his friends, the firm in the city, he finds some vessel for sale.

A crew is engaged nominally for some West India or South American port—as far as possible with foreign

New London is a seaport city in Connecticut.

.; Lorenzo DeAngelis, George Nevins, and John Helms were Deputy US Marshals, Southern District of New

See also the note below regarding the Braman.; New London is a seaport city in Connecticut.; Whitman

Three men were tried in court for fitting out the slaver: Joseph Pedro da Cunha, Placido de Castro, and

The first two men were convicted, but de Costa escaped from a hotel on the way to the jail under the

He was discovered in 1860 under the name Garcia on board another slaver, the Kate, and was identified