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Whitman's correspondence, arranged chronologically, contains an "Addenda," and two supplemental volumes were

The many materials that were not included in the are now housed in numerous and scattered archives, and

The problem we're describing is one of separated cultures: the divisions of labor that were acceptable

multiple repositories offer possibilities (both for public presentation and for scholarship) that were

and some types of research—for example, comparing drafts and establishing the history of composition—were

for his celebration of ordinary people, and for his masterpiece, Leaves of Grass , which redefined American

Despite Whitman's centrality in American culture, his manuscripts have been little studied, and the poetry

Beginning in his teenage years, Whitman's manuscripts were scattered widely when documents were sent

dipping into the sea of paper that surrounded him, a seemingly endless source of manuscripts that were

digital form, and the ones that were in digital form were not necessarily encoded following current archival

Between the 1860 publication of the third edition of and the publication of the fourth edition six-and-a-half

It seems, then, that one effect of these various encoding choices we've inherited—even though they were

Intimate with Walt: Selections from Walt Whitman's Conversations with Horace Traubel, 1888-1892 (Iowa City

After 1860, Whitman's narrative strategy veers in the opposite direction.

The song satirized the American craze pervading Italy at that time.

The book opens of course with a "Poem of Walt Whitman, an American."

On the whole it sounds to me very brave & American after whatever deductions.

Whereupon we went and had a good dinner at the American House.

In 1963-65 he was an Instructor in Italian Language and Literature at Columbia University, New York City

As his interest in Anglo-American Literature grew, between 1965 and 1990 he taught full courses at Bocconi

concentrating on Puritanism (I Puritani d'America, Cuem, Milan, 1972; enlarged, Aracne, Rome, 2009) and the "American

In 1987-91 he held the chair of American Literature at the University of Messina (Co-editor, with Giuseppe

This essay originates from and summates Corona's previous work on Whitman and on the authors of the American

I would like to begin by briefly telling a long story, an all too familiar one, a story of American literary

There were more and more universities, and more and more graduate students, and more and more professors

that the nature of scholarship itself changed to accommodate a suddenly swollen mass of scholars, who were

Still, it is the standard edition, the edition cited by American literary scholarship over the past few

So much of the labor of book-editions of were devoted to the process of turning materials—manuscripts

Every week, the invasion of generic products took over a larger segment of American grocery stores.

Category had prevailed; the borders were secured.

and performing typographical experiments that forced readers to engage the printed page in ways they were

" but never once mentioning poetry as the thing that made him rub his eyes "to see if this sunbeam were

how to sell his book, and one thing he needed to do was make it clear to consumers just what they were

But when we prepared to tag the text of the first edition, we were confronted with the jarring typographical

And since in the 1860 edition Whitman includes a cluster of twenty-four numbered poems called "Leaves

interpretive narratives about them, using bits of the data to construct a meaning that is always exceeded

For Aaron, American writers failed to produce texts that were commensurate with the magnitude of the

, Randall Fuller, and a host of others have analyzed writings, particularly by women and African Americans

Generous support from the American Council of Learned Societies has helped me—along with Ed Folsom and

issued after the war was over and were shaped by the nation’s internal struggle.

His efforts, as numerous soldiers testified, were extraordinary and in some cases life-saving.

PSM has asked us to initiate their American Literature Major Authors series with a CD-ROM of Whitman,

Whitman, having worked as a printer and editor, was unusual among American Renaissance writers in not

For instance, throughout his career, nineteenth-century reviewers were united in finding the essence

Talks are in progress with two additional high schools in Iowa City, IA. What does each member do?

From Georgetown University's American Studies Crossroads Project

, there were 146 new poems.

Such images were viewed by many as pornographic in this Victorian era, as were Whitman's images of fathering

in the "Year 85 of The States. / (1860–61)," indicating Whitman's decision to use a new American calendar

The notes go on; some of the types were used; others were not.

for the 1860 edition in 1879.

Making Whitman is available from the Walt Whitman Quarterly Review, 308 EPB, University of Iowa, Iowa City

We Americans apply too fast.

At the 1992 Whitman Centennial Conference in Iowa City, four senior Whitman scholars were honored as

The lecture was entitled "American Literature and the American Language."

By the time Eliot delivered his address, there were two nineteenth-century American writers whose reputations

Bergland argues, "In American letters, and in the American imagination, Native American ghosts function

Intimate Script and the New American Bible: "Calamus" and the Making of the 1860 Chapter 5.

Walt Whitman is thus of the first generation of Americans who were born in the newly formed United States

In Whitman's school, all the students were in the same room, except African Americans, who had to attend

The published versions of his New Orleans poem called "Once I Pass'd Through a Populous City" seem to

But the exotic nature of the Southern city was not without its horrors: slaves were auctioned within

Whitman looked to the Americans whirring around him for inspiration, perceiving "a teeming nation of

Whitman's conviction that America and its citizens were poems in and of themselves echoed the zeitgeist

During this American Renaissance, as it came to be known, authors and philosophers such as Hawthorne,

" in the book's first poem, there were no other clues to his identity.

The third edition of , released in 1860, was the first released by a publisher.

extraordinary findings (in Studies in Bibliography and then in Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass (1860

enough to include all of them among the forty-five poems of "Calamus" (published in the third Leaves in 1860

even mentioned it, and in his fourth edition of the , two of the three poems dropped from "Calamus" were

give the "Live Oak" poems in their first published form—that is, as they appeared in the third in 1860

Or the vaunted glory and growth of the great city spread around me?

Martin, ed., The Continuing Presence of Walt Whitman: The Life After the Life (Iowa City: University

version of "Live Oak" differs from Parker's version in the Fourth Edition of The Norton Anthology of American

mentioned it, but he revised the poems slightly and included them among the forty-five poems of the 1860

in Bibliography , and again in slightly altered form in Whitman's Manuscripts: "Leaves of Grass" (1860

My essay first appeared in American Poetry Review months before The Continuing Presence came out, and

Helms himself points the way by saying that the 1860 "Calamus" is "narratively incoherent."

Whitman's Dispersed Poetry Manuscripts Kenneth Price, the Hillegass Professor of American literature

Existing images were gathered, permissions secured, and fees paid.

The poems were often not given the same title, and some were left untitled.

Transcriptions were encoded with Text Encoding Initiative (TEI).

Manuscript images were 24-bit color TIFF images with a minimum resolution of 600 dpi.

These books were especially popular in small towns and rural areas in the US, but they were read in the

Given that press runs were of over 100,000 copies or more, this had significance.

Despite wartime circumstances, few ASE books were censored.

series with contrasting purposes that were driven by different political ideologies.

history, American culture, and cultures around the world.

keenly interested in the new developments in textual scholarship and the new digital archives that were

manuscripts; I was then located relatively near Charlottesville; and leading people in humanities computing were

because, after issuing the CD-ROM, the publisher proceeded to move Whitman material online, and we were

because they didn't actually own the material they had printed in book form: that is, all the reviews were

The Classroom Electric: Dickinson, Whitman, and American Culture , ed. Kenneth M.

The Walt Whitman Archive was the first hit in both searches; also highly-rated were the Library of Congress's

We began to build what we were then calling the Walt Whitman Hypertext Archive (we later dropped the

There were also problems with the navigation of the site.

There were some important consequences from this undertaking.

These volumes were originally contributed to the by Ed Whitley.

With regard to book design, a wide range of options were available, but these choices customarily were

; the rest were unedited.

She further notes that nowhere is the adjective American more secure than when it is offered as American

American literature is a self-evident field, as American physics and American biology are not.

American Fiction, 1851–1875: A Contribution Toward a Bibliography .

In fact, there were extended periods when we were convinced that such an approach would not be possible

In the case of Whitman, we might want to study him as a city poet.

erected to house the city’s swelling population, which tripled during the four years of the War.

Washington was a noisy city during these years: the noise in the city was of construction as work on

Even as bridges were defended and a ring of forts made this space the most heavily defended city on earth

(among them were Whitman, Lincoln, the naturalist John Burroughs and the remarkable African American

erected to house the city's swelling population.

of determining those areas of the city where African Americans built some of their own institutions,

While bridges were defended and a ring of forts encircled the city, Washington fostered vibrant life.

What portions of the city were disproportionately affected by disease and crime?

American Literary History 16.1 (2004): 85–92. McGann, Jerome.

According to the 1860 Richmond city directory, Doyle worked as a blacksmith for Tredegar Iron Works.

The 1860 Population Census for Richmond, enumerated on June 28 of that year, lists Peter Doyle, aged

The Doyle households were within blocks of one another in the city's Southwest section.

Walt and Pete were especially fond of taking long hikes together out of the city.

By the time of Doyle's death in 1907, there were over 1,000 lodges in as many cities.

The poetic suitor's advances were welcomed by some Americans, spurned by others, and ignored by most.

After the war's outbreak in April, Georgetown's Union Hotel and the City Infirmary on E Street were commandeered

Sketch of the City Infirmary.

Carver, Cliffburne, Finley, Emory, and Campbell were built as Army barracks but were converted by the

Consequently, the structures were raised off the ground on cedar posts, and the wards were generously

Kennedy's differences with Traubel were more intense.

On the Bowery, see Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789–1860 (Urbana: Univ

," American Literary History 6 [winter 1994]: 648).

Modernism," American Quarterly 39 [spring 1987]: 12).

there were several.

Price, first appeared in American Literature 73.3 (2001): 497-524.

) in the new forty-five poem "Calamus" section of the 1860 .

The ninth poem ("I dreamed in a dream of a city where all the men were like brothers"), consisting of

(among which, revised and reordered, were the "Live Oak" poems).

Martin (Iowa City: Univ. of Iowa Press, 1992), p. 186.

Ed Folsom (Iowa City: Univ. of Iowa Press, 1994), p. 175.

The collection started with a first edition soon after Semans and Trent were married and were living

"In those days, things like that were fairly reasonable," Semans said.

It's so American.

and free copies were given to the American Armed forces during World War II.

Sexual passing is at the heart of the poem eventually entitled "Once I Pass'd through a Populous City

culture, asserting that the real, pure, or true Americans were Anglo-Saxons.

For most of Whitman's career, and the beginning of Wharton's career, the great American authors were

The archive already includes six American editions of Leaves of Grass , as well as the "deathbed" printing

Project co-director Kenneth Price, a professor of American literature at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln

These letters provide context for poems drafted at the time, many of which were inspired by wounded soldiers

You think it a mere accident that all hearts were touched by one man's words, and that all generations

Should we be really more wicked if the sun were not a Puritan and dared to look on the world through

wander around Cambridge, which still had many secondhand bookstores, and sometimes travel to other cities

It seemed almost providential, as if we were destined to come together.

with an impressive documentary Web site called " The Valley of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American

"The World of Dante," "The Vivarium Digital Library of Latin Literature," "Uncle Tom's Cabin and American

He was the most photographed American author of the 19th century, but no publisher is likely to support

and it includes transcriptions (whole text and individual poems) and facsimiles of the six major American

Price's edited collection, Walt Whitman: The Contemporary Reviews , along with several reviews that were

Cohen of Duke University, will be fully searchable and will include facsimiles of the ephemera that were

Nebraska, is developing a section that includes about fifty interviews with Whitman, most of which were

Iowa City: Obermann Center for Advanced Studies, 2005. Folsom, Ed. and Kenneth M. Price. .