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March 26th 73 My dear Mother I received your latest letter—I was glad indeed to hear from you—yet exceeding

better than she except our own family and though denied—to the public her company yet they did meet and were

you could not have met—but fate cannot be helped I am feeling pretty well  Have been away from the city

[a] great deal of the time lately—am employed to make a design for water works at Kansas city, and have

RECEPTION JAPANESE EMBASSY, JUNE, 1860. 1 OVER the western sea, hither from Niphon come, Courteous the

spit their salutes; When the fire-flashing guns have fully alerted me— when heaven-clouds canopy my city

To us, my city, Where our tall-topt marble and iron beauties range on opposite sides—to walk in the space

Were the precedent dim ages debouching westward from Paradise so long?

Were the centuries steadily footing it that way, all the while unknown, for you, for reasons?

A second rate city is liable to objections, as the seat of Government; but a large and first class city

Fifteen houses were burnt—several of them used as stores.

Intercourse is debarred between the city and Quarantine.

to go on this hunt, and three thousand tough fellows could be got together for the purpose, with American

One thing there can be no mistake about; that the timid, malignant, idle and shiftless Mexican population

that Mexico had ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American

cities.

Barnburners and Hunkers were terms used to describe opposing sides of the fracturing Democratic party

The Barnburners held radical anti-slavery views and were willing to destroy banks and corporations to

The Hunkers were pro-government; they favored state banks and minimized the issue of slavery.

[The Newark Mercury says] The Newark Mercury says, there are in that city, at the present time, some

The population of Newark is about 50,000, and when we consider that many of those who are out of work

have families depending upon them, we can image to what a state of penury and misery the population

of that city will soon be reduced, with so large a proportion of its numbers thrown out of employment

and that there was very little chance of the men obtaining work elsewhere, he concluded that they were

American poetic expression, he advocated, should use all slang terms, including bad as well as good.

The masses would be most influential in determining the nature of the American language.

Some critics argue that his use of slang declined after 1860 and 1865.

Whitman and the American Idiom. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1991.Folsom, Ed.

"Whitman and Language: Great Beginnings for Great American Poetry." Mt.

of the City of Brook- lyn for 1856, 1858–1859, and 1859–1860, and the Charter for the City of Brooklyn

[Henry Clapp Jr.], “Walt Whitman and American Art,” SP, June 30, 1860. 43.

“Walt Whitman and American Art,” SP, June 30, 1860. 3.

design decision equivalent to nakedness—in 1860 the poems were titled, and many were arranged into thematic

Kenny, Daniel J.The American Newspaper Directory and Record of the Press for 1860.

Along the way there were further refinements.

In other instances, individual poems that were numbered under cluster headings were later given titles

," whose distinctive title was dropped after 1860, with the poems distributed.

Triggs's textual variants were more comprehensive than McKay's, but were similarly marred by omissions

Blodgett were to edit the variorum text.

Robert K.Martin"City of Orgies" (1860)"City of Orgies" (1860)This "Calamus" poem, which acquired its

present title in 1867, was originally called by its first line, "City of my walks and joys!

," when published as number 18 in the "Calamus" series in 1860.

The Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry. Austin: U of Texas P, 1979. Miller, Edwin Haviland.

"City of Orgies" (1860)

Parks are required, of all cities, least in a suburban city like Brooklyn; and of all locations Ridgewood

Cypress Hills and Evergreens —which will when finished be park enough for ten times our present population

The 14th and 12th wards of the city are the localities were parks should be made, some quarter century

present and until that period we have quite as much open space and as many breathing spots as our population

The Spanish American Republics THE SPANISH AMERICAN REPUBLICS.

abroad, before we attempt the acquisition of any Territory belonging to any of the Central or South American

Are we willing to take the population of Central America, uneducated as they are, and unfit to judge

Our own people do not seem to know that this is the population that we must take with the Central American

We do not think that we are prepared to annex the Central American republics to this confederacy.

Car Question, after a thorough discussion on the part of the speakers, preachers, and writers of the city

Brooklyn, by general consent, has received the appellation of the City of Churches, and in common with

were habitual attendants at places of worship.

, rather than to the consolidated city; and that the proportion of churches to population is greater

We need go no further than the Sunday car discussion in this city to illustrate our meaning.

as he was anxious to absorb Native American words into American English, so was he determined to absorb

a Native American presence into American poetry.

self-determination and self-definition even while it reenacts the American usurpation of Native American

frontier history, as "cities, farms, factories fade," and a "misty, strange tableaux" appears, populated

Whitman believed that one job of the poet, then, was to give Native Americans lines in the evolving American

C.D.AlbinWest, The AmericanWest, The AmericanFor Walt Whitman, the American West represented a point

who would become the collective progenitors of his golden American future.

Frontier: American Literature and the American West. By Fussell.

Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. By Smith.

West, The American

Ireland, Records of the New York Stage, from 1750 to 1860 (New York: T. H.

By 1845, Sefton had played Jemmy Twitcher 360 times in New York City.

He achieved fame in New York City in the 1820s for his forceful and aggressive style of acting.

Intensely American himself, he Americanized the stage in this country."

the "first American actress of any importance to play major roles in England."

.; The Park Theater was located on Park Row, near City Hall Park, before burning down in 1848.; Arthur

Ireland, Records of the New York Stage, from 1750 to 1860 (New York: T. H.

By 1845, Sefton had played Jemmy Twitcher 360 times in New York City.

Intensely American himself, he Americanized the stage in this country."

the "first American actress of any importance to play major roles in England."

Our worthy contemporaries, the Sun and the Tribune, The Sun was a New York City based daily newspaper

The Sun aimed to attract the increasingly literate populations of the working class.

Even though it featured many sensationalized stories that were discredited, The Sun persisted in some

Greeley intended for the paper to tell unbiased news, his social views associated with abolitionism were

This is a reference to the New York City Democratic Party.

.; The Sun was a New York City based daily newspaper that was founded in 1833 and initially edited by

The Sun aimed to attract the increasingly literate populations of the working class.

Even though it featured many sensationalized stories that were discredited, The Sun persisted in some

Greeley intended for the paper to tell unbiased news, his social views associated with abolitionism were

For more information on this struggle, see: Diane Ravitch, The Great School Wars: New York City, 1805

To the 178 lines of the original, Whitman had added 27 lines by 1860, when the poem reached its maximum

But the changes are so radical that the 1855–1860 text is in some important ways a different kind of

Whitman and the American Idiom. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1991. Knapp, Bettina L.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. 120–132. Whitman, Walt.

Leaves of Grass: Facsimile Edition of the 1860 Text. Ed. Roy Harvey Pearce.

When Mexico reasserted abolition in 1829, North American slave owners in the United States and in Texas

A youth not seventeen years old seiz'd his assassin till two more came to release him, / The three were

The city was the gateway to Mexico; Whitman recalled "the crowds of soldiers, the gay young officers,

American identity must include Spanish as well as "our aboriginal or Indian population—the Aztec in the

Mexico City: Málaga, 1971.Whitman, Walt. The Gathering of the Forces. Ed.

residents of the town of Williamsburgh, along the East River across from the Lower East Side of New York City

When Williamsburgh was incorporated into the city of Brooklyn in 1854, the paper changed its name to

incorporation into Brooklyn, the Brooklyn Daily Times became one of the three daily papers for the city

By 1860, the Eagle , according to its own reckoning, had a circulation of 6,200 daily readers, while

Nevertheless, soon after its rebranding, the Daily Times won a city contract to serve as the official

) in the new forty-five poem "Calamus" section of the 1860 .

The ninth poem ("I dreamed in a dream of a city where all the men were like brothers"), consisting of

(among which, revised and reordered, were the "Live Oak" poems).

Martin (Iowa City: Univ. of Iowa Press, 1992), p. 186.

Ed Folsom (Iowa City: Univ. of Iowa Press, 1994), p. 175.

The AMERICAN REVIEW, a Whig journal of Politics, Literature, and Science. August, 1846. G. H.

Whoever is the writer though, it is disgraceful to him as a man and an American that he should lead and

The American is intended, we believe, as an offset to the Democratic Review.

—We learn from its beginning, the somewhat singular fact, that never, in the history of England, were

, its statistics, population, commerce, &c.

While completing research for the two volumes of journalism that were published as part of The Collected

The story, signed by Walter Whitman, and the poem were published in the Sunday Times and Noah's Weekly

Rowell & Co's American Newspaper Directory (New York: Geo. P. Rowell & Co., 1872), 123.

Rowell & Co's American Newspaper Directory (New York: Geo. P. Rowell & Co., 1869), 74.

"The Fireman's Dream" and "Tale of a Shirt" were published in the paper less than a year later.

Rowell & Co's American Newspaper Directory (New York: Geo. P.

Rowell & Co's American Newspaper Directory (New York: Geo. P.

ONCE I passed through a populous city, imprinting my brain, for future use, with its shows, architec-

ture architecture , customs, and traditions; Yet now, of all that city, I remember only a woman I casually

met there, who detained me for love of me, Day by day and night by night we were together,— All else

City Photographs—No. VII [Written for the Leader.] CITY PHOTOGRAPHS—NO. VII. THE BOWERY.

Both were named for the North-South streets that ran through their hearts and both boasted a host of

After a successful career as an explorer of the American West, John Charles Frémont became the newly

population.

"Velsor Brush" was Whitman's pseudonym for the "City Photographs" series.

Glicksberg first identified Whitman as the author of the "City Photographs" series in Walt Whitman and

Both were named for the North-South streets that ran through their hearts and both boasted a host of

A rift within the Republican Party in the early 1860s resulted in radical abolitionists calling for new

population.; "Velsor Brush" was Whitman's pseudonym for the "City Photographs" series.

Bohan, Looking into Walt Whitman: American Art, 1850–1920 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University

Dear Walt this has been and is a heavy blow to me  I was so much with her and we were so in each others

apt to discourage—Dear Walt I hope you will get all right again soon I have had to go to Jefferson City—for

some three or four days—and last week was at Kansas City —.

I have been engaged to make a plan of water works for Kansas City and shall have to go up there again

in eight or ten days Mr Lane came down from Millwaukee to the funeral—I was exceeding glad to see him

Hattie does not mention what arrangements were made for Jessie.

Kansas City, Missouri, was planning a new waterworks at this time.

Jeff may have submitted one of the two propositions the city rejected in the spring of 1873.

filial love, and political concord.This is the only complete poem added in any edition to the original 1860

It replaced two poems not included after the 1860 edition: ["Long I Thought That Knowledge Alone Would

that focus into the finalè of ever-enlarging circles of social cohesion, bonding family members, cities

be seen as an example of an often-noted tendency in successive editions of Leaves (especially after 1860

The Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry. Austin: U of Texas P, 1979.Miller, James E., Jr.

Box 884100 Lincoln, NE 68588-4100 The text encoding and text of this introduction were created and/or

Walt Whitman and the Culture of American Celebrity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.

Iowa City: Obermann Center for Advanced Studies, 2005. Gailey, Amanda.

Walt Whitman and the Civil War: America’s Poet during the Lost Years of 1860–1862.

Whitt, Jan, "Leaves of Grass Imprints (1860)," Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia, edited by J. R.

We have noticed in several of the public schools of this city, that drawing is among the studies pursued

Many drawing books of the period were part of a larger democratic effort to cultivate the taste of the

Marzio, The Art Crusade: An Analysis of American Drawing Manuals, 1820–1860 (Washington: Smithsonian

.; Many drawing books of the period were part of a larger democratic effort to cultivate the taste of

Marzio, The Art Crusade: An Analysis of American Drawing Manuals, 1820–1860 (Washington: Smithsonian

Matters Which Were Seen and Done in an Afternoon Ramble MATTERS WHICH WERE SEEN AND DONE IN AN AFTERNOON

Members were also eligible for a drawing of original works of art by living American artists.

On the history of the American Art–Union, see Mary Bartlett Cowdrey, American Academy of Fine Arts and

once back on American soil.

In Greek mythology, the Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas who were pursued by Orion until Zeus

Until its demise in 1852, the American Art–Union sponsored free exhibitions of the work of American artists

Members were also eligible for a drawing of original works of art by living American artists.

On the history of the American Art–Union, see Mary Bartlett Cowdrey, American Academy of Fine Arts and

once back on American soil.

In Greek mythology, the Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas who were pursued by Orion until Zeus

The slopes of the hill were occupied by cornfields and potatoe patches; the summits were covered with

rank vegetation and great forest trees, and the valleys were swamps.

There are also a large number of removals going on from city grave yards.

The establishment of the Cemetery has done much to populate the neighborhood.

populous village has grown up in the valley.

Charles B.GreenLibraries (New York)Libraries (New York)The earliest libraries in New York City existed

books in Trinity Church, recorded in 1698 and considered the first known nonprofit library, there were

Many of its first directors were also involved in the founding of King's College in 1754, which would

Whitman, of course, left New York City in the early 1860s and so would not have used the libraries that

Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale UP, 1995.Keep, Austin Baxter.

Conrad M.Sienkiewicz"Here the Frailest Leaves of Me" (1860)"Here the Frailest Leaves of Me" (1860)"Here

Such expressions were dangerous in Whitman's day.

These poems were strong, however, because they were the honest songs of a bold and confident singer.

American Studies 19.2 (1978): 5–22.Helms, Alan. "'Hints . . .

"Here the Frailest Leaves of Me" (1860)

has been felt most notably by the futurists Velimir Khlebnikov and Vladimir Mayakovsky.The third (1860

When part of this review was translated and published in the American journal Critic (16 June 1883),

poems of 1860 illuminate the Russian revolution of 1905.Russian futurists enjoyed Whitman.

Other poets of the period who learned from Whitman were Mikhail Larionov and Ivan Oredezh.D.S.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1995.Basic, Sonja. "Walt Whitman in Yugoslavia."

Steven P.Schneider"Poets to Come" (1860)"Poets to Come" (1860)"Poets to Come" was first published as

number 14 of "Chants Democratic" in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass.

opening "Inscriptions" section of Leaves of Grass in 1881.In this poem Whitman addresses future American

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1992.Whitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass. Ed. Sculley Bradley and Harold W.

"Poets to Come" (1860)

and the Sequel to Drum-Taps (1865–1866), the first of at least four different formats of the text were

separately paginated books stitched together between two covers: a vastly re-edited version of the 1860

"], "Leaves of Grass" number 3 [later "Aboard at a Ship's Helm"], "When I Read the Book," and "The City

of this edition, "Starting from Paumanok," Whitman modifies the autobiographical references in the 1860

Called Songs Before Parting, this coda resonates with the same federalizing motifs that were rife in

—Future Population.—State of Paumanok.—Landed Interest Valued.—South Bay.

It is argued that there are some dozen or twenty Long Islands here and there on the American coast and

future times significant as the seat of one of the most beautiful and intelligent of the first class cities

of the great nation of the Lenni-Lenape, or Delawares, of which stock the aborigines of this region were

there are all varieties of soil and appearance, from the gradually sloping eminences of the great city

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

eleven of which would eventually form the Southern Confederacy, along with four border states, the American

While Whitman and his brother enjoyed the atmosphere of the famed Southern city, the position at the

Whitman's political views were controversial, and somewhat of an embarrassment to McClure, who became

essentially three: "I Saw in Louisiana a Live-Oak Growing," "Once I Pass'd through a Populous City,"

South, The American

Intimate Script and the New American Bible: "Calamus" and the Making of the 1860 Chapter 5.

Walt Whitman is thus of the first generation of Americans who were born in the newly formed United States

In Whitman's school, all the students were in the same room, except African Americans, who had to attend

The published versions of his New Orleans poem called "Once I Pass'd Through a Populous City" seem to

But the exotic nature of the Southern city was not without its horrors: slaves were auctioned within

Look at Wendell Phillips—great and grand as he was: with him light and darkness were all for the one

Europe, the fact of landholding means one man out of a hundred, in this country 60-70ths of the population

"is, to have small holdings in fee simple, the whole population of America participating and enjoying

line again—"the poor in a lump is bad"—and—and—"Look about at the great body of people in all the cities—in

genius—of that force and faith at the base of American institutions."

Martin K.Doudna"Broadway Pageant, A" (1860)"Broadway Pageant, A" (1860)This occasional poem first appeared

as "A Broadway Pageant (Reception Japanese Embassy, 16 June 1860)."

American Literature 27 (1955): 403–405.Smith, Henry Nash.

Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. 1950.

"Broadway Pageant, A" (1860)

City Lunch N.Y.

Express, Oct. 21, 1856 "But for the American party, the Northern, sectional, geographical party of Wm

poem of the 1860–1861 edition of Leaves of Grass.

To you endless an To you, these, to report nature, man, politics, from an American point of view.

Lo, interminable intersecting streets in cities, full of living people, coming and going!

(See Bowers, Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] A Parallel Text [Chicago: The University of

It is of course possible, however, that parts of the notebook were inscribed before and/or after the

Much of the notebook is devoted to draft material for the 1860 poem eventually titled "Starting from

brief passage (on the verso of leaf 25) seems clearly to have contributed to "Song at Sunset," another 1860

It is unclear which pages were inscribed first; furthermore, several of the leaves have become detached

The place where this bloody massacre occurred is Cabool Cabool (Kabul) was an Afghani capital city with

a population of 60,000 (circa 1831–1833).

Whitman mentions the city's fortification; the city is built of sun-dried bricks and wood.

Journal Of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 33, no. 3 (2010): 1–21. , a fortified city, situated

between the northern United States and British North American colonies.

.; Cabool (Kabul) was an Afghani capital city with a population of 60,000 (circa 1831–1833).

Whitman mentions the city's fortification; the city is built of sun-dried bricks and wood.

Whitman brought this to light because the relations between Britain and the United States were still

tense after the War of 1812, and the Britain and the US were in the middle of negotiations of borders

between the northern United States and British North American colonies.

reception.Whitman's hope to create "new formulas, international poems" amounted to a new program in American

secret treaties and diplomacy of the reactionary European powers of his period.Thus, the foremost American

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1995.Erkkila, Betsy. Walt Whitman Among the French: Poet and Myth.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1995.____.

Breaking Bounds: Walt Whitman and American Cultural Studies. Ed. Betsy Erkkila and Jay Grossman.

Though Whitman's ideas on education were unpopular in his time, they were influenced by his own formal

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. 88–102. Grier, Edward F.

Miller 'Children of Adam' [1860] Originally entitled "Enfans d'Adam" in the 1860 edition of , this cluster

Fool'd," "I Am He That Aches with Amorous Love," "Once I Pass'd through a Populous City," "I Heard You

Gas street lamps were first lit in 1852, tracks were laid down for horse-drawn streetcars, and a waterworks

The young men of Athens, and other Greek cities, were trained in their bodily, mental, and moral developments

cities.

Nor were they, for all these rough exercises, a brutal or bloody-minded race; but, on the contrary, were

There were also songs, dances, and musical instruments.

They were also invariably held in the open air.

Two years later, it will appear for the first time in Leaves of Grass (1860 edition), in "Proto-Leaf,

Silver's "Whitman in 1850: Three Uncollected Articles," in American Literature 19, no. 4 (1948): 301—

, 1984), 6:2233.; Our transcription is based on a digital image of an original issue held at the American

here; for literally every one went from both districts of this city to the other side of the river.

The cars, the ferry boats, the City Hall, all the public and many private buildings, were decorated by

of population, the day might have been almost mistaken for Sunday.

As the morning advanced, crowds of another character were on the move.

who are residents of Brooklyn, and who were about to join their respective corps.

Were but one million of families enabled to spend fifty-six dollars each additional, it would procure

Our policy should be to prevent the accumulation of a pauper population around large cities—populate

In this connection he incidentally expressed the belief that were a few ultras of teh North and South

RichardRaleigh"When I Heard at the Close of the Day" (1860)"When I Heard at the Close of the Day" (1860

)Published initially as "Calamus" poem number 11 in the 1860 edition of Leaves, "When I Heard at the

Walt Whitman and the American Reader. New York: Cambridge UP, 1990.Helms, Alan.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1992. 185–205.Killingsworth, M. Jimmie.

"When I Heard at the Close of the Day" (1860)

In reality, in 1856, when those lines were written, Moncure Conway had in fact detected a guarded expression

puzzled at himself, or in "Calamus" number 9 that "I am ashamed—but it is useless—I am what I am" (1860

All too soon he saw Vaughan "content himself without me" ("Calamus" number 9, 1860 Leaves).

America's acceptance of his dream of a "new city of Friends" ("I Dream'd in a Dream"), where other men

Whitman's Manuscripts: "Leaves of Grass" (1860). Ed. Fredson Bowers. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1955.

Whitman and Leaves, three women wrote, in Henry Clapp's Saturday Press, defending Whitman's third (1860

Adah Menken also lauded Whitman's thinking and writing in 1860, and Eliza Farnham quoted Whitman in her

A bedrock tenet in Whitman's concept of American democracy was his belief in each person's having the

In the 1856 and 1860 editions of Leaves, the public images become more pronounced.

City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789–1860. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1987.Traubel, Horace.

JanWhittLeaves of Grass Imprints (1860)Leaves of Grass Imprints (1860)In 1860 Thayer and Eldridge of

The imprints were available at no cost to prospective buyers, and the company used them as a unique promotion

literary historians, it was a collection of reviews summarizing his critical reception from 1855 to 1860

Walt Whitman and the American Reader. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990.Zweig, Paul.

Leaves of Grass Imprints (1860)