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Hearing of the arrival of "the good Gray Poet" in the city, on a short week's visit, a T RIBUNE man was

At the American House, where Mr.

"I have lived in or visited all the great cities on the Atlantic third of the Republic—Boston, Brooklyn

this very Denver, if it might be so, I should like to cast my lot, above all other spots, all other cities

Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University; gaps were filled by reference to a digital

Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University; gaps were filled by reference to a digital

Here we have locomotives passing through a not overcrowded or populous avenue of the city, at a carefully

constituents, but this feeling, laudable as it is, may be carried to excess, and the interests of the city

the sense in which they did last evening, we may as well call a mass meeting weekly to conduct the city

this Atlantic street matter, but the firemen’s squabbles which occupied two thirds of the meeting, were

These subjects were introduced solely to make capital for the ensuing election; and they were discussed

Conrad M.Sienkiewicz"Recorders Ages Hence" (1860)"Recorders Ages Hence" (1860)"Recorders Ages Hence"

was first published in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass.

American Studies 19.2 (1978): 5–22.Killingsworth, M. Jimmie.

The Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry. Austin: U of Texas P, 1979.Whitman, Walt.

"Recorders Ages Hence" (1860)

in the summer, as if there was no danger to public health from any cause but epidemics—as if there were

regular and constant sanitary reforms and obligations to be introduced and enforced throughout the city

There are practices carried on, which are destructive to the salubrity of the city—there is a general

below those of almost every city of similar size on earth.

What then does Brooklyn need, in order to guarantee, that in her limits, density of population shall

2Notebooks, 1860-1861loc.00029xxx.00131Notebook, 1860-18611860-1861prosepoetryhandwritten61 leaves; An

relates to poems ultimately titled Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking, By Blue Ontario's Shore, The City

Some of the trial verses in this notebook were published posthumously as [I Stand and Look], Ship of

Notebook, 1860-1861

The 1840s in American journalism were notorious for the scurrilous manner in which competing editors

American Society of Civil Engineers, 1972), pp. 131-32.

The city's most enthusiastic promoter was L. U.

Louis City Council, 1871).

The demands of the job were great, and Jeff met them well.

In the 1860 edition it became number 2 of the "Chants Democratic," and it acquired its final title in

excised two substantial passages, one describing the "full-sized men, / Men taciturn yet loving" (1860

Leaves)—as the ideal embodiment of American manhood.

American Imago 25 (1968): 354–370.Thomas, M. Wynn. The Lunar Light of Whitman's Poetry.

Leaves of Grass: Facsimile Edition of the 1860 Text. Ed. Roy Harvey Pearce.

The city photographers like things toned down, polished, in the mode."

and 1870s, photographing much of the city.

Frank Pearsall : b. 1841 in New York City.

Phillips (1843–1911) and William Curtis Taylor (1825–1905) ever were partners.

His unique photos were signed with the trademark large Sarony red script signature and were immediately

Washington September 15 1863 Dear Mother Your letters were very acceptable—one came just as I was putting

the very hour of death or just the same when they recover, or partially recover—I never knew what American

young men were till I have been in the hospitals— Well, mother, I have got writing on—there is nothing

on September 7, 1863, that, as he wrote, orders for his regiment to move to join Burnside's forces were

Most of its members were Irish.

Comprising over half the city's foreign-born population of 400,000, out of a total of about 814,000,

the Irish were the main source of cheap labor, virtually its peon class.

to exist" American Heritage, 10 (June 1959), 48.

–61 edition of Leaves of Grass. although the book was published in 1860, Whitman dated it “1860–61” so

________ ( 30 ) IX I dreamed in a dream of a city where all the men were like brothers, o I saw them

They were also taken at a time when greater public re- straints were being placed on the popularand primarily

to city, and land to land across the 46 universe.

“Whitman and the Gay american ethos.”

RichardRaleigh"Not Heat Flames Up and Consumes" (1860)"Not Heat Flames Up and Consumes" (1860)Appearing

All twelve poems of the sequence were included among the forty-five poems of the 1860 "Calamus," but

taken from the sequence and dropped after 1860.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1992. 185–205.Whitman, Walt. Walt Whitman's Poems. Ed.

"Not Heat Flames Up and Consumes" (1860)

Broadway borders City Hall Park on the west.

Near the City Hotel The City hotel was located at 123 Broadway "between Cedar and Thames streets."

See Thomas Longworth, Longworth's American Almanac, New-York Register, and City Directory (New York:

The Globe Hotel was located at 66 Broadway in New York City.

He wrote, "The chief street of a great city is a curious epitome of the life of the city; and when that

was located at 162 Nassau Street in New York's so-called "Newspaper Row," just across Park Row from City

It had several features that were unheard of in contemporary hotels. According to Edwin G.

See Thomas Longworth, Longworth's American Almanac, New-York Register, and City Directory (New York:

Gideon, 1841), 14.; The Globe Hotel was located at 66 Broadway in New York City.

He wrote, "The chief street of a great city is a curious epitome of the life of the city; and when that

Junior temperance groups were organized for children, warning them to "beware of the first glass."

Contributions in American History 83. Wesport, Conn: Greenwood, 1979.Holloway, Emory.

The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition. New York: Oxford UP; 1979.Tyrrell, Ian R.

Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800–1860.

Contributions in American History 82. Wesport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1979.Whitman, Walt.

In 1848, Whitman accepted a position at the New Orleans Crescent, moving to the city at a time of intense

states overthrew their leaders, and over fifty smaller revolutions broke out.Although the revolutions were

He even included biblical allusions in "Resurgemus" to highlight his belief that the revolutions were

renamed "Poem of The Dead Young Men of Europe, The 72d and 73d Years of These States" in 1856, and in 1860

European Revolutions and the American Literary Renaissance. New Haven: Yale UP, 1988.Whitman, Walt.

The city's importance to American literary culture was sustained in the nineteenth century by the establishment

But it was the old city's crooked streets and "multitudinous angles" that most delighted the poet, and

Whitman's first public recognition of Boston refers to the symbolic city, recording its struggles with

The poet actually visited Boston for the first time on 15 March 1860, in order to oversee the publication

In August of that year, Whitman found himself back in the city, this time to supervise a new edition

The city's importance to American literary culture was sustained in the nineteenth century by the establishment

But it was the old city's crooked streets and "multitudinous angles" that most delighted the poet, and

Whitman's first public recognition of Boston refers to the symbolic city, recording its struggles with

The poet actually visited Boston for the first time on 15 March 1860, in order to oversee the publication

In August of that year, Whitman found himself back in the city, this time to supervise a new edition

GregoryEiseleinLeaves of Grass, 1860 editionLeaves of Grass, 1860 editionIn 1856, not long after the

There were also a number of pirated copies.

The 1860 edition includes seven clusters: "Chants Democratic and Native American" (a group of 21 numbered

American Transcendental Quarterly 7 (1993): 5–23. Moon, Michael.

Leaves of Grass, 1860 edition

Edward W.Huffstetler"O Magnet-South" (1860)"O Magnet-South" (1860)This poem, the fifth in the "From Noon

to Starry Night" cluster of the final edition of Leaves of Grass, was first printed in the 1860 edition

It was also published in the 15 July 1860 issue of The Southern Literary Messenger under the same title

In the 1860 edition, the poem was placed after "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry," between the "Calamus" cluster

"O Magnet-South" (1860)

from about 40˚ 34´ to 41˚ 10´ North Latitude, and from 2˚ 58´ to 5˚ 3´ East Longitude from Washington City

miles the hour without diminution or interruption, in an eastwardly direction, sweeping past the American

by the wreck of the British sloop of war Sylph, as well as parts of the vessel and cabin furniture, were

The force of the current between Oyster Pond Point and Plumb Island is very great, yet it is exceeded

afloat during low water of spring-tides, moored to the quays which bound the seaward sides of the city

The manuscript is written on the blank side of an 1850s tax form from the City of Williamsburgh.

Fredson Bowers, have generally assumed that Whitman used the Williamsburgh tax forms from 1857 to 1860

The city of Williamsburgh was incorporated with Brooklyn effective January 1855, so the forms would have

been obsolete after that date (Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] [Chicago: University of

At least two of the tax forms Whitman used were dated 1854 (see, for instance, "Vast national tracts"

—It seems that the Russian empire, with a population of from 50 to 60 millions, has 40 millions of serfs

on wrapper stock for the 1855 edition of Leaves of Grass (Whitman's Manuscripts, Leaves of Grass, 1860

on wrapper stock for the 1855 edition of Leaves of Grass (Whitman's Manuscripts, Leaves of Grass, 1860

(vide Sunday Times , March 3rd, 1867) we called the attention of our readers to the works of an American

them, when the first feelings of dislike, which the violation of all received models had occasioned were

American life and institutions have impregnated Whitman's soul.

American air has saturated his lungs.

He is an American, Manhattanese, a democrat.

approximately half the poems found in the 1867 Leaves of Grass (poems that might have offended English readers were

already begun to wear the grizzled beard and silvering locks that have become almost the badge of American

been a confirmed invalid, he has assumed more entirely the grayness that was ascribed to him, and were

It was in April, 1860, when I had been seized at night by the Untied States marshal, under an unlawful

Whitman, who is inspector of gas-pipes in the city of Camden.

Thoreau was also a writer for the Democratic Review in those days before the flood,—so were Hawthorne

His poems were "unpalatable for educated Americans" but contained seeds for "the growth of a noble moral

As Sherry Ceniza has shown, by 1860 women who responded from heterosexual perspectives were struggling

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1995.Beer, Samuel H.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. 201–216.Jordan, June.

American Beauty: William Carlos Williams and the Modernist Whitman.

Then New York will be more populous than London or Paris, and, it is to be hoped, as great a city as

cities.

This phrase signifies the "upper ten thousand," or upper classes of major American cities and is usually

According to the 1849 "Bulletin of the American Art Union," "The American Art Union . . . was incorporated

1852 ("The American Art Union," The New York Times , June 12, 1852).

on July 4, 1842 and was the first large-scale water distribution system to supply water to New York City

Reservoir was demolished in 1899 and replaced by the New York Public Library in 1911 (William Hayes, City

cities and is usually ascribed to author and critic Nathaniel Parker Willis (1806–1867).; According

According to the 1849 "Bulletin of the American Art Union," "The American Art Union . . . was incorporated

1852 ("The American Art Union," The New York Times, June 12, 1852).

In 1892 the books and papers were shared out among the three literary executors: Richard Maurice Bucke

The most notable item is the manuscript for the 1860 edition of LG (microfilmed as M–568).6.

(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1921).

Berg Collection of English and American Literature. 5 vols.

American Literary Manuscripts. 2nd ed.

THE FIRST AMERICAN POET .

In the year 1860, we published a literary paper called "The Fireside," in which we devoted a page to

Moreover he is a genuine American man, the most original and truest Democrat of his time.

Westminster Review 74 n.s. 18 (October 1860), 590. Moncure Conway, Dial (August 1860), 517-19.

The First American Poet

Westminster Review 74 n.s. 18 (October 1860), 590.; Moncure Conway, Dial (August 1860), 517-19.; "Marco

Bozzaris," poem about the fighter for Greek independence by the American poet Fitz-Greene Halleck; "

voted for the Wilmot Proviso, and that in 1858, to the great disgust not only of the Republican and American

in Kansas affairs, he would have retired from power, receiving that homage and respect which the American

The Democratic members of the 35th Congress were elected on the platform of principles enunciated by

That bill, which in effect declared that Kansas had population sufficient to be admitted as a State with

Maclay, notwithstanding that, before his votes were given, a Committee of Congress appointed to visit

or ill: the election of Lincoln and the execution of abolitionist zealot John Brown; the census of 1860

, with its revelation of American commercial might and its tabulation of immigrants; and public sensations

First and last the poem alludes to the "comets and meteors" of 1860, celestial omens "all mottled with

Whitman was working on "Year of Meteors" in 1860, soon after the third edition was published by Thayer

Walt Whitman and the American Reader. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990.Kaplan, Justin.

PhilipDacey"To the States" (1860)"To the States" (1860)Titled "Walt Whitman's Caution" in 1860, on its

gradual limiting of the opening line's address from plural states to one state and then finally to one city

Presumably "any city" is being enjoined to resist its own state.

important to remember, however, that the forces of the North, meant to quell rebellion by secessionists, were

"To the States" (1860)

that in theBetween 1854 and 1888prosehandwritten1 leaf; This manuscript is written on the back of a City

Fredson Bowers, have generally assumed that Whitman used the Williamsburgh tax forms from 1857 to 1860

The city of Williamsburgh was incorporated with Brooklyn effective January 1855, so the forms would have

been obsolete after that date (Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] [Chicago: University of

At least two of the tax forms Whitman used were dated 1854 (see, for instance, "Vast national tracts"

The manuscript is written on the blank side of an 1850s tax form from the City of Williamsburgh.

Fredson Bowers, have generally assumed that Whitman used the Williamsburgh tax forms from 1857 to 1860

The city of Williamsburgh was incorporated with Brooklyn effective January 1855, so the forms would have

been obsolete after that date (Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] [Chicago: University of

At least two of the tax forms Whitman used were dated 1854 (see, for instance, "Vast national tracts"

The manuscript is written on the blank side of an 1850s tax form from the City of Williamsburgh.

Fredson Bowers, have generally assumed that Whitman used the Williamsburgh tax forms from 1857 to 1860

The city of Williamsburgh was incorporated with Brooklyn effective January 1855, so the forms would have

been obsolete after that date (Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] [Chicago: University of

At least two of the tax forms Whitman used were dated 1854 (see, for instance, "Vast national tracts"

New York, surrounded as they are with all their water–advantages, ought to have an almost entire population

Public baths ought to be established by the city, where the people could bathe free.

For all that, the day will come when Free Public Baths will be established, at the cost of the city,

As one looks around Brooklyn, New York, and other American cities–as he sees such multitudes of undeveloped

By then the socioeconomic condition of the American laborer had changed profoundly, in ways Whitman's

These slumps were symptoms of a new phase of capitalist development leading to the gradual transformation

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. 133–152.Trachtenberg, Alan. The Incorporation of America.

Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1921.____.

Chants Democratic: New York City & the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788–1850.

W E alluded in the last paper to the fact that though the inhabitants and wealth of Long Island were

mostly concentrated in Brooklyn, there were still other sections, forming the vast remainder of the island

, that were well worthy of record and of further investigation than has yet been afforded them by our

years, it was confidently counted on that this spot, and the railroad of which it was the terminus, were

We were along there a few days since, and could not help stopping, and giving the reins for a few moments

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

the Long Island Historical Society in 1863 and served as its president until 1873.; The Leffertses were

residence at the corner of Fulton Street and Nostrand Avenue in 1838, was an executive of the Brooklyn City

Redding is unidentified.; James Henry Hackett (1800–1871) was an American actor associated with the Academy

In 1613 there were four houses on Manhattan island, occupied by Europeans—these were down towards where

Emory Holloway, (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1921), 2:228.

The first serious attempts at planting a settlement here were in 1618.

These emigrants consisted mostly of Walloons, as they were called.

Romantic stories were told in early times about these same Rapljes Rapeljes .

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

these histories of Brooklyn after the firing on Fort Sumter in 1861 and contends that the articles were

See Genoways, Walt Whitman and the Civil War: America's Poet during the Lost Years of 1860–1862 (Berkeley

Emory Holloway, (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1921), 2:228.; "Wallabout" is a mutation

PhilipDacey"Me Imperturbe" (1860)"Me Imperturbe" (1860)This poem first appeared in Leaves of Grass in

1860 as number eighteen of "Chants Democratic."

Orleans in 1848 apparently stimulated a long-lasting interest in the language, yet his emphatic Americanness

American Speech 1 (1926): 421–430.Rajasekharaiah, T.R. The Roots of Whitman's Grass.

"Me Imperturbe" (1860)

The tendency even of the emigration westward is to settle in towns and cities—to inhabit or found urban

, rather than to populate rural localities.

There is an unhealthy love for city life and city dissipation engendered in the mind of youth, which

It would be much preferable if less pork and more mutton were raised in many agricultural localities.

would be far less want and distress in our large cities than there now is.

Among American authors there is one named Walt Whitman, who, in 1855, first issued a small quarto volume

city, and brought up in Brooklyn and in New York.

They are certainly filled with an American spirit, breathe the American air, and assert the fullest American

Year 85 of the States (1860—61). London: Trübner & Co.

cantos were published in 1773.

The first three cantos of his epic poem, The Messiah (Der Messias), were published in 1749; the final

cantos were published in 1773.

He did stay in Boston from 15 March until 13 May 1860 to oversee the printing of the 1860 edition.Having

There they explored the city for a day, boarding at the American Temperance hotel.The next day they took

His railroad pass and most expenses were included.

The next day the five travelers boarded a train for Kansas City.

They were met at the station by a committee from the Quarter Centennial, and were escorted to Lawrence

Rents are singularly low, in certain parts of the city, especially in East Brooklyn.

One reason of this is, that building speculations, up to about a year and a half ago, were enormously

Large tracts of ground were bought on credit, and rows of houses built in the same manner—the debts to

It has had the effect to cover several sections of the city with very handsome rows of unoccupied houses

Perhaps the principal reason after all, of the unprecedented growth of Brooklyn in population is to be

editor of the Atlantic from November 1857 until June 1861, was interested in promoting the work of American

Alhough Lowell promoted the works of a variety of American writers, the contributors were generally New

Walt Whitman and the American Reader. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990. Mott, Frank Luther.

A History of American Magazines. 5 vols. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1938–1968. Myerson, Joel.

American Literary Magazines: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Ed. Edward E. Chielens.

In 1860 he kept repeating: "I announce uncompromising liberty and equality" ("So Long!")

; "Of Equality—As if it harmed me, giving others the same chances and rights as myself—As if it were

Besides, he knew from his own experience that education and social origin were of little importance and

So by 1860 Whitman had quite naturally arrived at the notions of "average man" and "divine average,"

which from that time on were everywhere present in Leaves of Grass: "O such themes—equalities!

Whitman was well prepared to produce a poetic tribute to a great American city in 1855.

of Whitman’s Memory : 209 landmark book The Death and Life of Great American Cities in 1961.

Andrew Jackson, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington—these were names that were now shared by American

American Literature 28 (March 1956): 78–79. Exactly 795 copies of the 1855 Leaves were bound.

In The American Epic: Transforming a Genre, 1770–1860.

objection urged by the Star is equally untenable—that New York rowdies would be attracted here if the cars were

rowdies with the means of coming here; but running the cars can tend only to convenience our own population

carrying out the view which his Honor the Mayor, in common with nineteen-twentieths of the public of our city

, entertain as to the necessity and expediency of directing the City Railroad Company to place on their

a sufficient number of cars to accommodate all wishing on that day to travel from one part of the city

pasted over some lines in the top-left corner of the larger piece, from the top of which other lines were

The verses became section 18 of Calamus in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass; the poem was permanently

titled City of Orgies in 1867.

City of my walks and joys

This manuscript is written on the back of a City of Williamsburgh tax form.

Fredson Bowers, have generally assumed that Whitman used the Williamsburgh tax forms from 1857 to 1860

The city of Williamsburgh was incorporated with Brooklyn effective January 1855, so the forms would have

been obsolete after that date (Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] [Chicago: University of

At least two of the tax forms Whitman used were dated 1854 (see, for instance, "Vast national tracts"

This manuscript is written on the back of a City of Williamsburgh tax form.

Fredson Bowers, have generally assumed that Whitman used the Williamsburgh tax forms from 1857 to 1860

The city of Williamsburgh was incorporated with Brooklyn effective January 1855, so the forms would have

been obsolete after that date (Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] [Chicago: University of

At least two of the tax forms Whitman used were dated 1854 (see, for instance, "Vast national tracts"

There were blisters on them like great lumps. Tears started in the widow's eyes.

Sore agony, and grief, and tears, and convulsive wrestlings were there.

The individuals in the middle of the room were dancing—that is, they were going through certain contortions

and shufflings, varied occasionally by exceeding hearty stamps upon the sanded floor.

His countenance was intelligent—and had the air of city life and society.

.; Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American Antiquarian Society.

—Personal qualities were accepted and obeyed:— as (When are they not accepted and obeyed?

composition expression— —but the men and women other nation other empires and states, other mighty and populous

cities, contemporary was with them in other parts of the world, or ages antecedent of them, perhaps

another in methods fit for answering to what was needed.— These other nations unknown empires and cities

The first edition in 1855 contained what were to be called "Song of Myself," "The Sleepers," and "I Sing

early warning signs that he and his Leaves were embarked on a difficult road ahead. 

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. Fone, Byrne R.S.

The Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry. Austin: U of Texas P, 1979. ____, ed.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1992. Miller, James E., Jr. A Critical Guide to "Leaves of Grass."