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City Photographs—No. III [Written for the Leader.] CITY PHOTOGRAPHS—NO. III.

The case is recorded with great faithfulness and detail in the American Medical Register of this city

in 1832 and impressed American theater-goers.

John Watson served as President of the New York Academy of Medicine in the 1860s.

–1839) was an American painter. and this the coloring of Henry Inman.

Glicksberg first identified Whitman as the author of the "City Photographs" series in Walt Whitman and

of the New York Hospital consisted mostly of prominent businessmen and wealthy patrons of New York City

in 1832 and impressed American theater-goers.

Edmund Kean was a famous actor and a contemporary of Kemble and Siddons, as were his son Charles and

–1839) was an American painter.; Henry Inman (1801–1846) was an American painter and John Wesley Jarvis's

It's so American.

and free copies were given to the American Armed forces during World War II.

Sexual passing is at the heart of the poem eventually entitled "Once I Pass'd through a Populous City

culture, asserting that the real, pure, or true Americans were Anglo-Saxons.

For most of Whitman's career, and the beginning of Wharton's career, the great American authors were

Not profit-based (though books were also sold), the distribution efforts of the American Bible Society

“American books, the physical objects as well as the texts and ideas, were exported around the globe

Mail and American Citizen (which were generally positive about the poet), the Charleston (S.C.)

See American Institute of the City of New York, Thirty-Second Annual Report of the American Institute

[John Reuben Thompson], “A New American Poem,” Southern Field and Fireside (9 June 1860): 20.

English Masses (Talk with Frank Leonard, "Yank," &c—their travels through English towns with the American

phys o i ognomies, (such as you are in the caricatures in "Punch,") and fine-shaped men and women, city

excessive toil, and poor diet, are to-day apparent, to a greater or less degree, in two-thirds of the population

Warren Cleveland, we are enabled to present an abstract from the annual report of deaths in the city

This shows an apparent excess of mortality over that of last year of 2071, notwithstanding our city has

Of the victims of this disease 321 were native born and 393 were born, in foreign countries.

1459 were of foreign birth.

favorably with the mortality of other cities.

We are all glad to see, in this morning's telegraphic account from your city, that agreeable little sentence

deaths are more numerous, in proportion to the cases attached, than in the yellow fever—raged in the city

Clay's letter, declining any countenance to the "enthusiastic whigs" of this city, in their separate

The hearts of the whigs of this city, and most of this State, are devoted to Clay; the early support

Party organs (on both sides) are not reliable, now, as to their statements; because, never before were

summer months in the Southern United States, particularly under humid conditions and in densely populated

cities.

Barnburners and Hunkers were terms used to describe opposing sides of the fracturing Democratic party

The Barnburners held radical anti-slavery views and were willing to destroy banks and corporations to

The Hunkers were pro-government; they favored state banks and minimized the issue of slavery.

Brooklyn April 6, 1860 Box P.O.

my own pleasure at hearing that your "Leaves of Grass," in its next issue, is to eminate from that City

past personal experience and without wishing to intrude myself above my true level I could wish I were

Sammis to Walt Whitman, 6 April 1860

Thomas K.DeanRealismRealism Although entrenched in the "American Renaissance," Whitman wrote through

the period of American realism.

Perhaps the most important literary technique contributing to an American democratic art is the common

The Ferment of Realism: American Literature, 1884–1919. New York: Free Press, 1965. Folsom, Ed.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1992. 3–15. Zweig, Paul. Walt Whitman: The Making of the Poet.

Boston June 14, 1860 Dear Walt, Your favor came duly to hand.

As soon as cooler weather comes and people are crowding the great cities we intend to advertise largely

shall shortly come out with an advertisement to touch the pleasure travellers in all the principal cities

— Meanwhile the Papers are noticing it pretty well—the Scottish American has a very fair notice, and

Yours Truly Thayer & Eldridge Thayer & Eldridge to Walt Whitman, 14 June 1860

was the Boston publishing firm responsible for the third edition of Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (1860

twenty items on Whitman appeared in the Press before the periodical folded (for the first time) in 1860

For the 1860 Leaves of Grass Whitman abandoned the green binding used for the 1855 and 1856 editions.

was a free, sixty-four-page promotional pamphlet published by Thayer and Eldridge to advertise the 1860

See Thayer and Eldridge to Walt Whitman, June 27, 1860.

RichardRaleigh["Hours Continuing Long"] (1860)["Hours Continuing Long"] (1860)Appearing only in the 1860

Though Whitman never published the series itself, all twelve of the poems of the series were reordered

and included among the forty-five poems of the 1860 "Calamus."

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1992. 185–205.Killingsworth, M. Jimmie.

["Hours Continuing Long"] (1860)

Some early readers and critics were in ardent agreement, considering Whitman the prophet of a new religion

Sermons and religious tracts, while less influential than in the colonial period, were still important

A Religious History of the American People. New Haven: Yale UP, 1972.Allen, Gay Wilson.

The Oriental Religions and American Thought: Nineteenth-Century Explorations.

Minor Prophecy: Walt Whitman's New American Religion.

inWhitman's observation of the "swart-cheek'd two-sworded envoys" riding through Manhattan on 16 June 1860

Yet the American poet and his writings made a deeper and more enduring impact, over the course of a century

democratic thoughts and radical individualism were introduced and absorbed in political/social spheres

He also published translations of Whitman's poetical works (1921, 1923), which were revised and went

In this first phase of Whitman's reception, it was writers and poets or educators who were interested

Beach and her husband occasionally visited New York City, and they knew Henry Clapp, editor of the Saturday

Clapp advised Whitman to send a copy of the 1860 Leaves of Grass to Juliette Beach for review.

On 2 June 1860 a review was published in the Saturday Press.

Rev. of American Giant: Walt Whitman and His Times, by Frances Winwar.

American Literature 13 (1942): 423–432. Giantvalley, Scott.

It only needs to be considered, for a moment, what a proportion of the parents, in great cities, bear

Then again—same source as above— "Of the deaths in New York City last year, 14,948, more than half of

the whole number, were of children under five years.

It is a proportion of infant mortality that is scarcely paralleled in any other Christian city; but its

The wretched poverty of the newly-arrived emigrant population, the damp, mouldy cellars in which they

Among the "lions" of the great American metropolis, New York city, is the Picture Gallery at the upper

Termed "the American Daguerre" by the press, he soon fell on financial hard times and in 1847 sold his

Quoted in Robert Lifset, Power on the Hudson: Storm King Mountain and the Emergence of Modern American

James Kent (1763–1847) was an American jurist, legal scholar and chancellor of the New York Court of

Mickle (1805–1863) was Mayor of New York city, 1846–1847.

Termed "the American Daguerre" by the press, he soon fell on financial hard times and in 1847 sold his

Quoted in Robert Lifset, Power on the Hudson: Storm King Mountain and the Emergence of Modern American

James Kent (1763–1847) was an American jurist, legal scholar and chancellor of the New York Court of

Everett (1790–1847) was a diplomat, politician and man of letters.; Luigi Persico (1791-1860) was an

Mickle (1805–1863) was Mayor of New York city, 1846–1847.

, there were 146 new poems.

Such images were viewed by many as pornographic in this Victorian era, as were Whitman's images of fathering

in the "Year 85 of The States. / (1860–61)," indicating Whitman's decision to use a new American calendar

The notes go on; some of the types were used; others were not.

for the 1860 edition in 1879.

Making Whitman is available from the Walt Whitman Quarterly Review, 308 EPB, University of Iowa, Iowa City

27EuropeBetween 1850 and 1856prosepoetry1 leafhandwritten; A list of European rivers, lakes, and cities

, many of which were included in Poem of Salutation in the 1856 edition of Leaves of Grass.

In the 1860 edition of Leaves, and in all subsequent editions, the poem was titled Salut Au Monde!

City Photographs—No. VI [Written for the Leader.] CITY PHOTOGRAPHS—NO.VI. THE BOWERY.

William Sefton and John Sefton were brothers.

American actor Edwin Forrest was a divisive figure, with numerous followers and enemies.

For such were the plays, and finely sustained, that we used to go and see at the Old Bowery.)

Louisa Medina was the first American female playwright to make a living as a dramatist.

Glicksberg first identified Whitman as the author of the "City Photographs" series in Walt Whitman and

.; The Franklin Theatre, known for its small size, opened in 1835.; William Sefton and John Sefton were

An American version controversially cast the actress Adah Isaacs Menken as Mazeppa, traditionally a male

American actor Edwin Forrest was a divisive figure, with numerous followers and enemies.

See Joseph Norton Ireland, Records of the New York Stage, from 1750 to 1860 (New York: T. H.

Whitman looked to the Americans whirring around him for inspiration, perceiving "a teeming nation of

Whitman's conviction that America and its citizens were poems in and of themselves echoed the zeitgeist

During this American Renaissance, as it came to be known, authors and philosophers such as Hawthorne,

" in the book's first poem, there were no other clues to his identity.

The third edition of , released in 1860, was the first released by a publisher.

“I dreamed in a dream of a city where all men were like brothers,” Whitman wrote in the poem that would

invincible”) are now inscribed on the Camden city hall (LG 1860, 373).

On the eve of the American Civil War in the 1860 Leaves of Grass, Whitman is no longer singing an actu

at the time of the founding were be- ginning to tear the American union apart at the seams.

,moreardent,more general,” Whitman presents the 1860 Leaves of Grass as the “New Bible” of the American

Especially in the first half of the twentieth century, when poetic compression and precision were highly

They appear in abundance in the first edition of Leaves of Grass and frequently thereafter until 1860

a device through which Whitman expresses his faith in the expansiveness and all-inclusiveness of American

American Literature 45 (1973): 34–49. Rpt. in On Whitman: The Best from "American Literature." Ed.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1989.Traubel, Horace. With Walt Whitman in Camden. Ed. Sculley Bradley.

The following list notesotherfeaturesofWhitman’srevisions: Two of the 1860 poems were, in 1867, joined

Two of the 1860 poems survived as unnamed poems in a “Debris” cluster in 1867 and then were dropped.

City of the world!

These adventurers were clearly fools, bolder than they were wise.

In the modern American era there were still Whitmanesque figures such as HowardHughes,largerthanlifepersonalitieswhomultiplied

James E., Jr.Miller'Calamus' [1860]'Calamus' [1860]The "Calamus" poems had their origin in a sequence

Other poems were added to this core to comprise the 45 poems of the "Calamus" cluster in 1860.

for city and land for land."

if I could be with you and become your comrade; / Be it as if I were with you.

'Calamus' [1860]

the subject of great interest by a large and broad cross section of the population.

He approached poetry and science as ways of knowing that were complementary but different.

Chemists and physicists alike—including Justus Liebig and Michael Faraday—were demonstrating that not

you thinking that those were the words, those upright lines?

Studies in the American Renaissance 1986. Ed. Joel Myerson.

Unless the whole constitution of the world were altered our very existence depends upon our sensibility

foot while he was swimming with out his entertaining the slightest suspicion of the ravages which were

Without pain, this limit would be constantly exceeded, and epicures, experiencing no uneasy sensations

This of itself would be an accident of incessant occurrence if the monitor were wanting which makes us

When one looks at the hosts of our “city young men” who are prematurely faded by contact with day-book

Year 85 of the States—(1860–61) This is a new edition of the work of Walt Whitman, which some years ago

rampant, but not insufferable, fully believing himself to be a representative man and poet of the American

We should advise nobody to read it unless he were curious in literary monstrosities, and had a stomach

The radical abolitionist sympathies of Thayer & Eldrige, the publishers of the 1860–61 edition of Leaves

Review of Leaves of Grass (1860–61)

The radical abolitionist sympathies of Thayer & Eldrige, the publishers of the 1860–61 edition of Leaves

Other influences on Walt Whitman's politics were the panics of 1819, 1837, 1857, and 1873, which triggered

of the Democratic party culminated in the disruption of American democracy.

New York: Museum of the City of New York, 1992. 4–5.____. Whitman the Political Poet.

Main Currents in American Thought: The Beginnings of Critical Realism in America. Vol. 3.

Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1921.Zweig, Paul. Walt Whitman: The Making of the Poet.

For instance, probably the earliest and the first American use of Whitman was by Frederic Louis Ritter

Words for the last movement were drawn from "Passage to India."

Single songs, written in 1957, were later collected into "Five Poems of Walt Whitman" in 1970.

New Grove Dictionary of American Music. London: Macmillan, 1986.Hovland, Michael.

Musical Settings of American Poetry: A Bibliography.

Maverick MarvinHarris"To a Historian" (1860)"To a Historian" (1860)When this poem first appeared in the

third (1860) edition of Leaves of Grass, it was number 10 of sixteen new poems that were combined with

called "Inscriptions," where it has remained ever since.The poem prophesies the ideal man that the American

"To a Historian" (1860)

The "clusters" (a number of poems grouped under a single title), which first began appearing in the 1860

edition, were perhaps a attempt to shape a thematic framework to his opus, although the individual poems

which share "eternity's music" and "[w]hisper'd reverberations" from his life and the lives of many Americans

Some notable examples are "The City Dead-House," "The Singer in the Prison," "You Felons on Trial in

"The 'Paths to the House': Cluster Arrangements in Leaves of Grass, 1860–1881."

The first several lines of Pictures (not including this line) were revised and published as My Picture-Gallery

in The American in October 1880.

This manuscript may relate to the poem titled A Song of Joys, which first appeared in the 1860 Leaves

(1860, p. 259).

enactment, decided on certain physiological purgings (if we may call them so,) that mark a new era in American

By its repressive policy, maintained for centuries, it has accumulated upon its vast area a population

these copper colored men may overwhelm the other races on this coast by their numbers—as limitless as were

We are also to remember that, while we write this, the population there in China comprises nearly four

From our American position on the shores of the Pacific, we cannot but look with deep interest on all

relationship with the lines on another manuscript in the University of Virginia collection, which were

revised to form part of section 14 of Chants Democratic in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass, a set

American air I have breathed

.00045Merely What I tell isBetween 1850 and 1860poetryhandwritten1 leaf4 x 15 cm; These manuscript lines were

resemblance to ideas expressed in the opening lines of poem #14 of Chants Democratic and Native American

, which first appeared in the 1860 Leaves of Grass.

has vastly increased, and that a regular stampede has taken place which threatens to depopulate the city

the other side of the Rocky Mountains, but that our own States will be more or less affected as they were

The new territory will be populated as if by magic and what is now a wilderness will be thickly studded

with cities and towns.

Whitman's lifelong immersion in numerous American cities renders him America's first great poetic celebrant

city just as it is moving from town to metropolis (the years 1840–1860).

The American city to Whitman is much more than a mere concentration of persons, dwellings, and marketplaces

That is, while the American city brings people together as social and economic functions (boss, employee

"Walt Whitman and the American City." The American City: Literary and Cultural Perspectives. Ed.

No. 10 Old Stock of Our City.—The Burial Ground in Fulton Ave., above Smith street.

with crowds of interesting traditions and venerable facts of our city—giving it a broad mellow light

British General William Howe defeated American General George Washington.

, from the beginning down to the late date when burials in our limits were prohibited by law.

But they were strewed so plenteously that a fair portion has been secured and kept.

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

British General William Howe defeated American General George Washington.

Despite their defeat, the American troops' subsequent escape from Long Island without being attacked

The Society played an active role in New York City politics until it was disbanded in the 1960s.; Our

.— These manuscript lines were probably written in the 1850s.

resemblance to ideas expressed in the opening lines of poem #14 of "Chants Democratic and Native American

," which first appeared in the 1860 Leaves of Grass.

These manuscript lines were probably written in the 1850s.

resemblance to ideas expressed in the opening lines of poem #14 of "Chants Democratic and Native American

," which first appeared in the 1860 Leaves of Grass.

to ideas expressed in the opening lines of section 14 of the poem "Chants Democratic and Native American

," which first appeared in the 1860 Leaves of Grass: "Not to-day is to justify me, and Democracy, and

friend, "Bumble-bees & Bird Music" safe to hand this morning—does me good—makes me feel exactly as if I were

Sea rolling up on broad smooth sands there, but with treacherous reefs just beyond on which there were

And the castle on its wooded height in the very midst—& the great cavern below that runs through the city

Drink is the giant evil of the city as of the north generally—Such a sensible rugged healthy looking

If Per were here he would return your friendly message. Bees best love.

A century later it seems the preeminent book of American poetry, the book that defines American poetry

In 1855 there were a dozen poems, including "Song of Myself."

In 1995 only the first and last editions were in print.

Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman: Facsimile Edition of the 1860 Text.

"The 'Paths to the House': Cluster Arrangements in Leaves of Grass, 1860-1881."

Amid the Anglo-Saxon Protestant Christianity—so-called—of the city of New York, the African slave trade

Upon consideration, we substitute dashes for the names, which were originally inserted in full.

Through his friends, the firm in the city, he finds some vessel for sale.

A crew is engaged nominally for some West India or South American port—as far as possible with foreign

New London is a seaport city in Connecticut.

.; Lorenzo DeAngelis, George Nevins, and John Helms were Deputy US Marshals, Southern District of New

See also the note below regarding the Braman.; New London is a seaport city in Connecticut.; Whitman

Three men were tried in court for fitting out the slaver: Joseph Pedro da Cunha, Placido de Castro, and

The first two men were convicted, but de Costa escaped from a hotel on the way to the jail under the

He was discovered in 1860 under the name Garcia on board another slaver, the Kate, and was identified

THE NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPÆDIA: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge.

the initiatory volumes, supply a want long and painfully felt, and reflect infinite credit upon American

During that time we have doubled our population and our area—peopled one vast gold region and are now

city from Fulton and Hamilton avenue ferries in all directions.

The three gas companies by which the city is lighted have a capital of nearly $3000,000.

Cities were explored by my enterprise; and the mouldy volumes which for years had lain undisturbed, were

valueless were all the immense stores of learning I had acquired.

With some they were narrow and contracted, making the temple appear insignificant and mean.

Many of the glasses were of so gross a texture, that the temple was completely hid from view.

The cold mists of night had stiffened my limbs, and were falling heavy around on the wet grass.

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

. observing a spear of summer grass," Leaves of Grass (1855); Compare to "Salut au Monde," in the 1860

Waterworks constitutes one of his longest sets of texts published between the second (1856) and third (1860

Brooklyn Daily Times editorials, note that Whitman "fought for a good system of waterworks for the city

flimsy, cheap and temporary series of works that would have long since broken down, and disgraced the city

In 1858, for instance, as the city council debated a revision to the ongoing construction, the project

and suggest that while the late 1850s may have been a period of struggle for Whitman the poet they were

Health of the City The Health of the City. The annual report of Dr.

their minor duties, and ought now to devote more time to the sanitary and social conditions of the city

prove abortive unless and effectual check is place upon the systematic habits of a portion of our population

putrifying animal and vegetable matter mingle with the atmosphere, to the injury of all sections of the city

s report, we were about to repeat the eulogy which we had already bestowed on it, as a careful and valuable

It is indeed a fester, a well-populated blotch, an immense raw to that part of our beautiful city.

diseases (diseases from local causes, bad air, &c.), are the ones most to be dreaded in summer, in cities

and makes it a serious contagion, depopulating neighborhoods, and sometimes large wards, towns, or cities

a discontented thing the human soul is, that it has also been said (in whispers, when no strangers were

near), that the reason why the common ordinances of our mother, the City, vital for her decencies and

These pages were transformed into section 13 of Chants Democratic in the 1860 Leaves of Grass.

American Laws

Even those who were willing to tolerate slavery's existence often opposed its spread into new territories

By 1860 the Republicans had majorities in both houses of Congress and had elected a president.

in the history of American presidential elections.

Even though none of the Democrats nominated for president after 1860 was a Southerner until well into

Encyclopedia of American Political History. New York: Scribner's, 1984.Holt, Michael F.

Early in the war, prisoners were treated well.

But by October 1864, the population grew from 5,000 to 10,000, and death rates soared as prisoners began

According to Encyclopedia Virginia , "hundreds and even thousands of prisoners at a time were held in

the dark, grimy warehouses from which they were forbidden even to look out the windows.

The food rations were not terrible by most standards, and the prisoners were allowed to use the unused

Early in the war, prisoners were treated well.

But by October 1864, the population grew from 5,000 to 10,000, and death rates soared as prisoners began

According to Encyclopedia Virginia, "hundreds and even thousands of prisoners at a time were held in

the dark, grimy warehouses from which they were forbidden even to look out the windows.

The food rations were not terrible by most standards, and the prisoners were allowed to use the unused

Many were wounded frightfully, and several killed in the melee.

In the morning the hatchways were thrown open, and we were allowed to ascend all at once, and remain

Let our disease be what it would, we were abandoned to our fate.

There were thirteen of the crew to which I belonged, but in a short time, all but three or four were

martyrs were mostly buried.

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

British General William Howe defeated American General George Washington.

Despite their defeat, the American troops' subsequent escape from Long Island without being attacked

Some eleven thousand American prisoners are thought to have died onboard.

The Society played an active role in New York City politics until it was disbanded in the 1960s.; John