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Receiving its present title in 1860, the piece underwent minor revisions throughout the different editions

In the interest of aesthetic and thematic unity, Whitman dropped the American "genre painting" scene

soil that underlines the raised "perpendicular hand" (added in 1860).

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1995. 1–10.González de la Garza, Mauricio.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1992.Miller, James E., Jr. A Critical Guide to "Leaves of Grass."

Once I Pass'd through a Populous City

Blue BookThe Blue Book (bound in blue paper wrappers) was Whitman's personal, annotated copy of the 1860

On the other hand, the quietly suggestive "A Glimpse" remained more or less as in 1860.

The three 1860 "Calamus" poems he dropped from the 1867 edition were certainly highly personal, but no

In all, forty poems were variously rejected, with six restored.

"New Light on Leaves of Grass: Whitman's Annotated Copy of the 1860 (Third) Edition."

years past Nassau street, from Wall to Chatham, has been one of the most crowded thoroughfares in the city

considered—though the putting of it in execution has made the dust fly in what was formerly the very heart of the city

For my part, I am astonished that, while they were about it, they did’nt make the street twenty feet

Let your citizens believe me, when I tell them seriously that the city of New Orleans is one of the healthiest

All over our Northern cities great preparations have been made (as is but just) for the complimentary

The Hunkers were pro-government; they favored state banks and minimized the issue of slavery.

Butlerites were political supporters of William Orlando Butler (1791–1880).

The Guelphs, largely from wealthy families, were supporters of the Pope, while the Ghibellines were primarily

Blair and his wife Eliza Violet Gist were the parents of five children.

cities.

In 1660, the population was one hundred and thirty- four souls: in 1698 it had increased to five hundred

During this period, and for a long time afterwards, almost all the inhabitants of Brooklyn were Dutch

In that year, a number of emigrants, chiefly Walloons, were sent out from Holland to Manhattan, under

Francis Bright, who came out in 1629, were the first regularly ordained ministers in Massachusetts.

All around were then open cultivated fields with farm houses.

You know I have always had a very high opinion of the people of the City of Notions .

The dust is moving in a dense mass through the streets as dust in no other city but NY can move.

Vaughan to Walt Whitman, 21 March 1860

acknowledges receiving replies from Whitman in this letter, and in his letters to Whitman of March 27, 1860

, April 30, 1860, and May 21, 1860.

On February 10, 1860, Whitman received a letter from the Boston publishing firm of Thayer and Eldridge

The Boston, Massachusetts 1860 City Directory lists Edward Morgan of 928 Washington Street as a "driver

was finished by 1860.

organizing a proper and befitting celebration on the occasion of the introduction of water into the city

introduction of a certain and plentiful supply of pure and wholesome water into the streets of our city

condition—that it is to immensely increase the comfort, convenience and business resources of our population—and

As we hope to derive the advantage of an increase of population and business, and consequently an enhancement

place of residence or business thoroughly known, and we need never fear a diversion of the tide of population

Population of Brooklyn in 1660. A Church in Brooklyn, 1666.

It will be remembered that the English settlers were interspersed with the Dutch, almost from the very

Some of these were occasionally treated with severity.

In New England they were even condemned to death.

The location was changed, and placed where it now is (in Joralemon street, south of the City Hall).

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

In 1772, he gave an execution sermon for fellow Native American Moses Paul; the sermon received worldwide

attention of Europe by the sixteenth-century conquistador Coronado, these mountains became part of the American

nineteenth century, but the discovery of gold in Pike's Peak prompted a dramatic increase in the population

This discovery inaugurated a second, larger wave of population growth in the Rockies.

written most of his poetry, but Whitman was impressed by both the beautiful terrain and the hardy population

Vaughan to Walt Whitman, 9 April 1860

Vaughan worked for the company in 1860.

See the letters from Vaughan to Whitman dated March 21, 1860, and March 27, 1860.

27, 1860, April 30, 1860, and May 21, 1860.

See Vaughan's letter to Whitman of March 21, 1860.

Vaughan reminded Whitman of his promise in his letters to the poet of March 27, 1860 and April 9, 1860

Yet there were political, rhetorical, and biographical similarities that supported an association of

Both opposed the expansion of slavery, but they were not abolitionists.

They shared working-class origins, and each adopted the rhetoric of Jacksonian populism.

Burns; both also tapped the vitality of American vernacular speech, political oratory, and drama.

The American Renaissance Reconsidered. Ed. Walter Benn Michaels and Donald E. Pease.

Then the elections of those days were sometimes held here.

John Russell Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms , 2nd ed.

The same offices were apt to be filled with the same persons again and again, year after year.

Here, from the earliest times, were "the polls" for election.

hand that were used in this article, including the piece's full title and sub-title.

However, two leaves in a notebook from the late 1850s or early 1860s (loc.05080) contain notes in Whitman's

hand that were used in this article, including the piece's full title and sub-title.; The Military Garden

; Old Colonel Green opened the Military Garden in 1810.; John Russell Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms

credit problems and eventual foreclosure.; The Marquis de Lafayette, a Frenchman who fought in the American

Reynolds, Walt Whitman's America (New York: Knopf, 1995), 37–39.; Before Brooklyn obtained a city charter

Further publication of Walt Whitman's collected poems having been interdicted in Boston, the plates were

Rees Welsh & Co., of Philadelphia, whose advance orders exceeded their first edition, a copy of which

My two acquaintances were both born and bred in the city; they both were sent to good schools; both had

good masters; both were taken among good company; both are tolerably good looking; both dress neatly

There were references to these zones as early as the mid-eighteenth century and they continued to be

In the water, he can swim like a fish; and on horseback, he sits as easily as if he were part of the

somewhat new, he had spent some previous time in drilling those who were to take part.

Whitman as the author of "Sun-Down Papers" in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

There were references to these zones as early as the mid-eighteenth century and they continued to be

Behavior manuals such as these signified a change in American society that forced young men to learn

Hemphill, Bowing to Necessities: A History of Manners in America 1620-1860, (Oxford University Press,

1999).; The term “good breeding” was understood by nineteenth-century Americans to mean good manners

Broadway New York about a year ago bo't bought at auction the electrotype plates (456 pages) of the 1860

by a young firm Thayer & Eldridge under my supervision there and then in Boston, (in the spring of 1860

stored away and nothing further done;—till about a year ago (latter part of 1879) they were put up in

N Y New York city by Leavitt, auctioneer, & bought in by said Worthington.

I wrote back that said plates were worthless, being superseded by a larger & different edition—that I

Worthington bought the plates of the 1860 edition after they had been sold at auction by George A.

Richard Maurice Bucke informed Eldridge that he had lately discovered many copies of the 1860 edition

to be reimbursed: "I expended $9.50 in pursuit of the recalcitrant, pirate Worthington, in New York City

willing to go to law at someone else's expense.Worthington continued to use the plates until they were

works are reflections on the end of life or the afterlife.The remainder of Whitman's pre-Leaves poems were

Most of the poems were published in various New York area newspapers and magazines.

In the 1860 edition of Leaves it was revised and retitled "Europe, The 72d and 73d Years of These States

sentimental in nature and imitative of William Cullen Bryant and other popular nineteenth-century American

Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1921. Pre-Leaves Poems

World hits the truth of the thing in the following paragraph: It seems to be a solemn engagement the American

Hawks, of your city, is in town. He preached yesterday at St.

Lots of cash changed hands on the occasion; and many were the disconsolate faces....McNulty's trial has

Barnburners and Hunkers were terms used to describe opposing sides of the fracturing Democratic party

The Barnburners held radical anti-slavery views and were willing to destroy banks and corporations to

The Hunkers were pro-government; they favored state banks and minimized the issue of slavery.

Edwin Forrest (1806–1872) was an American stage actor, well known for his Shakespearean roles.

cities.

THE FIREMAN'S DREAM: While completing research for the two volumes of journalism that were published

went the great bell of the City Hall.

Ladders were quickly placed in such positions as were necessary to enable them to pull down certain portions

They were startled, and instinctively pushed out into the stream.

Violet and her people were very kind to me.

.]; While completing research for the two volumes of journalism that were published as part of The Collected

The poem was published in the third volume of Samuel Kettell, ed., Specimens of American Poetry with

See "Dream of the Sea," Specimens of American Poetry, 314–316; see also Rufus Wilmot Griswold, "Grenville

Amy Greenberg argues that early volunteer fire squads were built on close male friendships and constituted

Greenberg, Cause for Alarm: The Volunteer Fire Department in the Nineteenth Century City (Princeton,

are many families and much furniture coming this way and there is very little of an exodus from the city

So far as we can learn, there never was a former year when anything like so many houses were engaged

connection to state, that ere the sun goes down to-night there will literally be thousands added to the population

Note Book Walt Whitman The notes describing "the first after Osiris" were likely derived from information

—What real Americans can be made out of slaves?

What real Americans can be made out of the masters of slaves?

The questions are such as these Has his life shown the true American character?

first printed in the second (1856) and third (1860–1861) editions.

edition of Leaves of Grass but that the notebook also contains material clearly related to things that were

first printed in the second (1856) and third (1860–1861) editions.

Whitman revised the text on leaf 23 verso to include a rather long passage that exceeded the space available

Husted, the owner of the cow stables in the Seventh Ward, which were recently the subject of discussion

November, in any year, on any premises owned or occupied in whole or in part by him or them within the city

As several of the owners of distilleries in the city keep huge numbers of cows in stables attached to

But a fire having occurred by which the stables were destroyed, the proprietor forthwith commenced to

, in the midst of a growing and rapidly aggregating population, where from 1,200 to 1,500 milch cows

The 'Distinctive American Poem'—the only one (God be thanked!)

the novels of de Kock find place upon parlor tables, and the obscene pictures, which boys in your city

congress of the sexes is a sacrament, a holy secret locked in the breasts of two persons, which it were

Y. , May 19, 1860.

The review of Leaves of Grass that appeared in the New York Saturday Press on June 2, 1860, was signed

The review of Leaves of Grass that appeared in the New York Saturday Press on June 2, 1860, was signed

In a letter to Clapp dated June 7, 1860, Juliette Beach explained the nature of the mistake and expressed

Literature1850s or 1860sprosehandwritten1 leaf; Whitman's heading indicates that these brief notes were

oratory and goal of becoming a lecturer in the 1850s, though he also maintained these interests in the 1860s

June 9, 1863: "I think something of commencing a series of lectures & readings &c. through different cities

The Quirites were a Sabine race. These two towns were hostile to each other.

The senators were chosen for life.

were taken from, before they were conquered.

to the Etruscan city.

Schlegel 272 were hewn.

City” (1860).

He appointed African Americans to high administrative posts, and during his term blacks were elected

Arguments have been made that “Once I Pass’d through a Populous City”—a key poem that reworks the New

In Ellison’s estimation, the contours of the “Negro American idiom” were to be found everywhere in US

Whitman, “Once I Pass’d Through a Populous City,” in Poetry and Prose, 266; Yusef Komunyakaa, “Praise

FROM MEMORANDA MADE AT THE TIME IN NEW YORK CITY, OR WASHINGTON, OR IN ARMY HOSPITALS, OR CAMP OR FIELD

Some were scratched down from narratives I heard and itemized while watching, or waiting, or tending

All the moral convictions of the best portion of the Nation were outraged.

The broad spaces, sidewalks, and street in the neighborhood, and for some distance, were crowded with

He was overthrown in 1857 and executed in Honduras in 1860.

He was overthrown in 1857 and executed in Honduras in 1860.; Plutarch (46–120 AD) was a Greek essayist

Not the least doubtful is he on any prospects of the material success of the American Republic.

trade and commerce,—railway traffic,—manufacturing, mechanical, and mining industry,—agriculture,—population

It is as if we were somehow being endowed with a vast and more and more thoroughly-appointed body, and

the aptness of that phrase, "the Government of the People, by the People, for the People," which Americans

to solve is the inauguration, growth, acceptance, and unmistakeable supremacy among individuals, cities

Americans, who have revelled in the lap of plenty, can have but a faint conception of the horror of the

instituted an enquiry into the actual state of the case, A number of organizations in England at the time were

Brettell), 1840, 3–8. and persons were appointed to the sad duty of visiting the regions of distress,

Think of these things, Americans!

In "Black and White Slaves" he writes, "In England, nine-tenths of the population do not enjoy the common

.; A number of organizations in England at the time were attempting to repeal Great Britain's Corn Laws

In "Black and White Slaves" he writes, "In England, nine-tenths of the population do not enjoy the common

& Divides Austria from Italy Tiber, Papal states Arno, Tuscany —Dnieper —Volga —Ural inland lakes Cities

Dresden 85,000 Saxony, Hanover, 40,000 Many of the items from this list of European rivers, lakes, and cities

were included in "Poem of Salutation" in the 1856 edition of Leaves of Grass, suggesting that this manuscript

Many of the items from this list of European rivers, lakes, and cities were included in "Poem of Salutation

Whitman's cultural geography scrapbook.; Many of the items from this list of European rivers, lakes, and cities

were included in "Poem of Salutation" in the 1856 edition of Leaves of Grass.

In the 1860 edition of Leaves, and in all subsequent editions, the poem was titled "Salut Au Monde!"

These powder-houses were covered with slate, and were the only edifices in the neighborhood—being placed

appropriated to a free city Burial Yard, or Potter's Field.

Then the buildings and grounds (which yet belong to the city) were leased to the Government for Marine

Then the present City Park, at the Wallabout.

Part of it was, in due time, filled up by the city, and forms the present City Park, with its northerly

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

British General William Howe defeated American General George Washington.

Despite their defeat, the American troops' subsequent escape from Long Island without being attacked

have set for myself to do, to meet people and The States face to face, to confront them with an American

Their shadows are projected in employments, in books, in the cities, in trade; their feet are on the

The instincts of the American people are all perfect, and tend to make heroes.

First-rate American persons are to be supplied.

There are Thirty-Two States sketched—the population thirty millions.

Booth's excellent "History of the City of New York," "History of the City of New York from its Earliest

The windows were small and the doors large; the latter were divided horizontally, so that, the upper

Sideboards were not introduced until after the Revolution, and were exclusively of English origin.

"Sofas, couches, lounges, and that peculiarly American institution, the rocking-chair, were things unknown

but these pictures were wretched engravings of Dutch cities and naval engagements, with family portraits

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

company relocated to Southampton.; The Stadtholder was the chief magistrate of Holland.; "History of the City

of New York from its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time," New York, 1860 (copyright, 1859), pp.

The Spartans were able to take control of Tammany Hall nominating conventions in 1842 and named their

For further reading, see Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American

Flood, The Encyclopeia of New York City, Second Edition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010).

The windows and blinds were completely smashed.

But singularly enough, there were numerous objects totally uninjured, (we were informed that all was

The Spartans were able to take control of Tammany Hall nominating conventions in 1842 and named their

For further reading, see Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American

Flood, The Encyclopeia of New York City, Second Edition (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010).

Norton and Company, 2014), 33–38.; Located in the Five Points neighborhood in New York City, the Sixth

For further reading, see: Kevin Kenny, New Directions in Irish-American History (Madison: University

caused the seizure and detention of certain steamboats; and afterwards, and while such steamboats were

subject to his power as an officer, or supposed to be so subject, and before the actions were brought

agents of said steamboats, to the effect that if they would pay the costs of court, of which they were

paid said sum of money in many instances—while, in fact, the fee allowed him by law could not have exceeded

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. 105–119.Chase, Richard. Walt Whitman Reconsidered.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. 88–102.Grier, Edward F.

American Literature 23 (1951): 332–350.Mancuso, Luke.

American Worlds Since Emerson. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1988.Scholnick, Robert J.

Democratic Vistas: 1860–1880. New York: George Braziller, 1970.Warren, James Perrin.

Murphy We only wish all the appointments of the President and Senate of the United States were deserving

Murphy to the American Ambassadorship at the Hague. In the present state of things, Mr.

Brooklyn was, as we have said, but a village, whose affairs were managed by “Trustees.”

From this mould a permanent one was made, and several busts of Elias were formed, quite perfect, it is

city—the third in the United States, and evidently destined to be one of the greatest in the world.

To us, my city, Where our tall-topt marble and iron beauties range on opposite sides, to walk in the

from your Western golden shores, The countries there with their populations, the millions en-masse are

Were the children straying westward so long? so wide the tramping?

Were the precedent dim ages debouching westward from Paradise so long?

Were the centuries steadily footing it that way, all the while unknown, for you, for reasons?

To us, my city, Where our tall-topt marble and iron beauties range on opposite sides, to walk in the

from your Western golden shores, The countries there with their populations, the millions en-masse are

Were the children straying westward so long? so wide the tramping?

Were the precedent dim ages debouching westward from Paradise so long?

Were the centuries steadily footing it that way, all the while unknown, for you, for reasons?

A NEWER garden of creation, no primal solitude, Dense, joyous, modern, populous millions, cities and

A NEWER garden of creation, no primal solitude, Dense, joyous, modern, populous millions, cities and

energy for the emergence of a higher, spiritualized synthesis that was the historical destiny of American

it idiosyncratically to the United States.Whitman's most important sources in learning about Hegel were

sensuous epiphany—"Song of Myself" (1855), for example, or "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking" (1860

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1995.Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Phenomenology of Spirit.

American Literary History 6 (1994): 119–139.Matthiessen, F.O. American Renaissance.

According to an official rgport report there were, in 1828, in the empire, 828 centenarians, of whom

40 had exceeded 120 years; fifteen, 130; nine, 136; and three, 138 years.

By the time Eliot delivered his address, there were two nineteenth- century American writers whose reputations

In him the hitherto incompatible extremes of the American temperament were 15 fused.”

The possibility of showing the entire American population its own face in the Mirror Screen has at last

In the manuscript, the threat to the city is not mentioned, but rather “all the men were like brothers

He characterizes American landscapes from Canada down to Cuba, rivers and forests, cities and rural areas

As nearly exact contemporaries with roots in NewYork City—both men were born there in 1819—Herman Melville

From then until dawn, a total of sixteen shots were fired on the city, ten of which were incen- diary

The jubilant Afri - can Americans who greeted Lincoln during his daring visit to the city only a day

Harris, In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863, 279–288. 13.

In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in NewYork City, 1626–1863.

imprinting many a kiss; Joying, as I would joy, to see such charms, As though he knew how blest a lot were

I cried, 'would that I shared the bliss Of that embrace, and that such joy were mine!'

Meanwhile, the vigorous minds of Germany were occupied with other matters.

Soul-like were those hours of yore; Let us walk in soul once more.

It is the strangest contrast of cities that can be seen in Europe.

Into this volume he has gathered fragments of writing, some of which were produced as long ago as 1860

, and all of which are illustrative of his thoughts and his experiences in the woods and the city, in

The democratic head quarters, Tammany Hall, and the whig head quarters, National Hall, were filled with

nineteenth-century America, the Five Points neighborhood, the Tombs was a colloquial name for New York City's

America's Greatest Criminal Barracks': The Tombs and the Experience of Criminal Justice in New York City

mass of people—some attracted by curiosity, but most of them anxious to hear the returns, as they were

all sick , and were going home for the night," we did not think it judicious to attempt an entrance.

nineteenth-century America, the Five Points neighborhood, the Tombs was a colloquial name for New York City's

America's Greatest Criminal Barracks': The Tombs and the Experience of Criminal Justice in New York City

word bogtrotter had been applied specifically to the Irish as far back as 1682 (Noah Webster, An American

Sharpe, 2015], 254).; Bishop John Hughes (1797–1864) led the fight in New York City for parochial schools

Pronunciation, And Definitions Of Words [White and Sheffield, 1839], 106).; The Washington Grey's were

Morris is re-elected mayor of the city. Robert H.

Morris (1808–1855), 64th mayor of New York City, was first elected mayor in 1841, and in 1842 was running

city's politics.

Is it not a pleasant spectacle for an American to look upon?

Has it come to be, that Irishman is a better title to office, here, than American ?

Morris (1808–1855), 64th mayor of New York City, was first elected mayor in 1841, and in 1842 was running

Morris was also reelected mayor in 1843, and subsequently served as Postmaster of the city and then as

Wards became less important in mayoral politics after the consolidation of New York City in 1898 into

city's politics.

(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).; The New York City Council, often referred to during this

In the 1860 Leaves , the poem seems to draw its origins from two poems.

Indeed, if it were not for you, what would I be?

The Obermann Seminar participants were struck by the fact that the 1860 version of the poem had never

been translated into any of the languages we were examining.

We were struck too by the revealing admission of the fifth and sixth lines: "Indeed, if it were not for

It is a frequent remark that we Americans do not give enough encouragement to the fine arts.

Lithographs are images drawn on finely polished limestone that were then run through special printing

The first color lithographs (chromos) in America were printed in Boston in 1840.

The works were generally sold through auction houses, fancy goods stores, or distributed by image peddlers

Yet the average intellect and education of the American people is ahead of all other parts of the world

Lithographs are images drawn on finely polished limestone that were then run through special printing

The first color lithographs (chromos) in America were printed in Boston in 1840.

The works were generally sold through auction houses, fancy goods stores, or distributed by image peddlers

Michele Bogart, "The Development of a Popular Market for Sculpture in America: 1850–1880," Journal of American