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They longed for an American discovery of America.

In Freire's eyes, Whitman's Americanism was pan-human, not pan-American, and Whitman was thus on the

Americanism.

In his opinion—that is what his Americanism seems to indicate, an Americanism to which we can perhaps

All things were his brothers.

piece originally appeared in Gay Wilson Allen and Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman and the World (Iowa City

To t T he States, or any one of them, or any city of The States, Resist much , Obey little, Once unquestioning

obedience, once fully enslaved, Once fully enslaved, no nation, race, city, of this earth, ever afterward

"Walt Whitman's Caution" was first published as one of the "Messenger Leaves" in the 1860 edition of

manuscript was likely composed in the years immediately preceding the poem's first publication in 1860

"Walt Whitman's Caution" was first published as one of the "Messenger Leaves" in the 1860 edition of

manuscript was likely composed in the years immediately preceding the poem's first publication in 1860

.; "Walt Whitman's Caution" was first published as one of the "Messenger Leaves" in the 1860 edition

.— I am glad you like Boston Walt, you know I have said much to you in praise both of the city and its

Vaughan to Walt Whitman, 27 March 1860

Vaughan worked for the company in 1860.

, April 30, 1860, and May 21, 1860.

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1809–1882) delivered a March 23, 1860, lecture on "Manners" in New York City.

See Vaughan's letter to Whitman of March 21, 1860.

Vaughan reminded Whitman of his promise in his letters to the poet of March 27, 1860 and April 9, 1860

Thomas K.DeanGarland, Hamlin (1860–1940)Garland, Hamlin (1860–1940) Best known for his realistic prose

the hardships of midwestern farm life, Hamlin Garland also is an important figure in the theory of American

literature depicting Whitman as the fountainhead of future American writing.

Both Whitman and Garland believed that a "true" American literary voice, free of eastern affectation,

Garland, Hamlin (1860–1940)

After 1860, Whitman's narrative strategy veers in the opposite direction.

The song satirized the American craze pervading Italy at that time.

The book opens of course with a "Poem of Walt Whitman, an American."

On the whole it sounds to me very brave & American after whatever deductions.

Whereupon we went and had a good dinner at the American House.

In 1963-65 he was an Instructor in Italian Language and Literature at Columbia University, New York City

As his interest in Anglo-American Literature grew, between 1965 and 1990 he taught full courses at Bocconi

concentrating on Puritanism (I Puritani d'America, Cuem, Milan, 1972; enlarged, Aracne, Rome, 2009) and the "American

In 1987-91 he held the chair of American Literature at the University of Messina (Co-editor, with Giuseppe

This essay originates from and summates Corona's previous work on Whitman and on the authors of the American

or magazines exactly as they were printed here.

Poet," which was published in American Phrenological Journal in October 1855.

For the review, see " An English and American Poet 22 (October 1855): 90–91.

Leaves of Grass Imprints: American and European Criticisms on "Leaves of Grass" .

Boston, Massachusetts: Thayer and Eldridge, 1860. ---. "Leaves Droppings." .

Council are urged to incur the extra expense recommended by the Commisioners, for the sake of giving the city

first twelve miles of the work, to Baisely's Pond, will bring us a supply adequate to the wants of the city

miles of canal are only believed to be wanted in view of a very large addition being made to the population

of the city.

To sanction a deviation now would be to give the contractors the whiphand of the city, and it may be

1858, by Henry Clapp, the Saturday Press was perhaps best known for its publication of works by American

In the 7 January 1860 issue of the Press, Whitman himself responded to an attack on the poem that had

At the same time he announced a forthcoming edition of Leaves of Grass (that is, the third, or 1860,

In the 9 June 1860 issue of the journal, Mary A.

A History of American Magazines 1850–1865. Vol. 2.

classics, studied medicine, worked in South Carolina as a compositor, and went to Kansas when matters were

Raymond's New York Times through most of the 1860s, having started there around 1858.

American Literature 30 (1959): 425–449. Hyman, Martin D.

American Literature 39 (1968): 547–553. Swinton, John (1829–1901)

TedWidmerProvidence, Rhode IslandProvidence, Rhode IslandA city at the head of Narragansett Bay, Providence

Williams, who wished to acknowledge divine assistance in his forced relocation from Massachusetts, the city

During Whitman's lifetime, the city's population rose from 11,767 (1820) to 132,146 (1890).Whitman had

Europeans and for German-Americans; he considered both groups backward and unacquainted with the American

Whitman's works were a vehicle for Knortz's pedagogical program.

"Karl Knortz: Interpreter of American Literature and Culture."

American-German Review 13 (1946): 27–30. ———. "Walt Whitman's Letters to Karl Knortz."

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1995. Knortz, Karl.

House during the hot season, but has quarters at a healthy location, some three miles north of the city

his wife, toward the latter part of the afternoon, out in barouche, on a pleasure ride through the city

They passed me once very close, and I saw the President in the face fully, as they were moving slow,

Capitol front is finished, with the splendid entrance to the Senate and Representative wings, the city

The City Railroad Company loses some horses every day.

Brignoli" because of his difficult first name, eventually became "Dear Old Brig" to American audiences

libretto in the opera Clari, which debuted in London in 1823, the song quickly became familiar to many Americans

Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party's center of power in New York City and its headquarters.

Tammany controlled politics in New York City by means of bribery, political appointments, and securing

the support of new immigrants who were welcomed into the Party.

The fanning of flames of discord, and the attempts of a moiety According to the American Dictionary of

Morris was defeated in 1844 by the nativist American Republicans, and their candidate, James Harper.

.; Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party's center of power in New York City and its headquarters.

Tammany controlled politics in New York City by means of bribery, political appointments, and securing

the support of new immigrants who were welcomed into the Party.

Morris was defeated in 1844 by the nativist American Republicans, and their candidate, James Harper.

Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (Oxford: Oxford University Press

The word "soirée" appears in "City of Orgies" and "aplomb" in "Song at Sunset" and "Me Imperturbe."

Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd," "Spain 1873–74," "Ashes of Soldiers," "A Voice from Death," and the 1860

This includes in particular a list of French words, most of which were used in Leaves of Grass.

American Renaissance. London: Oxford UP, 1941.Pound, Louise. Selected Writings.

American Speech 1 (1926): 421–430.Whitman, Walt. An American Primer. Ed. Horace Traubel.

An earlier French review supposedly appeared in 1860, but the matter has been proved to have been a hoax

periodical called Bibliographie Impériale ever existed in Paris, and the anonymous comments in the 1860

The funeral rites in 1892 he terms pagan, but only because they were unconventional.

1930 to 1957 and is best remembered for his unraveling the 1860 Henry Clapp review hoax.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1995.Asselineau, Roger. L'Évolution de Walt Whitman.

A NEW AMERICAN POEM.

It has been a favorite subject of complaint with English critics and reviewers, in treating of American

We have an American poem. Several of them. Yes, sir. Also a great original representative mind.

She married Heenan in September 1859; it became public knowledge in January 1860.

Review of Leaves of Grass (1860–61)

the New Nebuchadnezzar" in a list of Henry Clapp's bon mots in the New-York Saturday Press, May 26, 1860

On 16 April 1860, in Farnborough, England, Heenan fought Tom Sayers, the British Champion, in the "World

She married Heenan in September 1859; it became public knowledge in January 1860.

In February 1860 Alexander Menken revealed that he had never divorced Adah and she was publicly reviled

published a number of poems in the Sunday Mercury, including "The Autograph on the Soul" in April 1860

Period 1: 1860–1867 Between 1860 and 1867, Louisa's life was fractured by the death of her son Andrew

Thomas Jefferson Whitman, April 16, 1860 The Public Life of Captain John Brown (1860) had been issued

(Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2000), 282.

March 31, 1860 April 4, 1860 When Jesse moved into the Portland Avenue home is not known—perhaps after

O'Connor were friends to Louisa as well as to Walt.

After Whitman, Williams is the great revolutionary in American prosody.

language, was the founding impetus for American poetry.

language demanded a new and "free" verse were the true origin of modernism (22).

city and modern consciousness.

William Carlos Williams: An American Artist. New York: Oxford UP, 1970. Tapscott, Stephen.

Whitman included all twelve poems in the first publication of "Calamus" in the 1860 Leaves of Grass,

manuscripts now at the University of Virginia (Whitman's holographs for most of the new poems in the 1860

(The interested reader should consult the 1860 edition, where these poems appear as "Calamus" numbers

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1992. 185–205.Kaplan, Justin. Walt Whitman: A Life.

Whitman's Manuscripts: "Leaves of Grass" (1860). Ed. Fredson Bowers.

the Greeks) —the northern part of Europe & Asia —the people thereof "Kelts" viz (woods‑men (These were

Edward Grier estimates that the date of this manuscript is between 1857 and 1860 (Walt Whitman: Notebooks

of Universal History, it appears that they instead come from the introduction to Noah Webster's American

Edward Grier estimates that the date of this manuscript is between 1857 and 1860 (Walt Whitman: Notebooks

of Universal History, it appears that they instead come from the introduction to Noah Webster's American

The American farmer breathes pure air all day in the fields, but shuts himself up in a small unventilated

we have certainly found a cause for much of the ill health which prevails among our agricultural population

Under proper physical and moral training, were this possible, their health and comfort might be greatly

The filing of cast iron is, however, exceeding hurtful from the minute metallic particles received into

works are finished, and the "liquid tide" runs through them, we shall not only have enough to supply a city

of 230,000 inhabitants—our present population, be it remembered—but the works can easily be added to

, to make a capacity for a city of a million people.

behold death and destruction, contagion and cholera, and a thousand other evils, threatened to the city

from the existence of a sunken lot away at Bushwick or somewhere else beyond the line of population;

but a great, reeking, stinking canal, extending right up into the centre center of the city, escapes

receptacle of all the sewage, distillery swill, and other abominations, of the central part of the city

Boston, Thayer & Eldridge. 1860 Washington, Philp & Solomons.

and the opening words of his critique on the latter were graduated to a point no finer than to say, "

If the Aristarch of "Scotch Reviewers" were still in the flesh, and felt called, in the spirit of the

It were no great wonder, after the success of Walt Whitman, if many persons who have never talked any

Review of Leaves of Grass (1860–61)

It was the move of a zealous partisan, and not of a sensible man, Mayor of a city of two hundred thousand

Nevertheless, in so vital a matter as the sanitary condition of the city, I do not think proper to separate

governing power in Brooklyn, after all) with the Fernando Wood and Bill Wilson democracy of New York city

Is it not disgraceful that this vast and populous city, with all that belong to it—wealth, improvements

been formed for the purpose of providing gratuitous and safe public baths for the residents of that city

In all the great cities of the Old World, say they, these wants of the people are much better cared for

than in the Metropolitan cities of the new and the free world.

Besides, no city is better situated to afford its inhabitants the refreshing and healthful pleasures

In the earlier periods of our city, the many secluded places along the shores of these streams of themselves

and effect: "Song of Prudence" (1856, largely taken from the 1855 Preface), "I Sit and Look Out" (1860

), "Me Imperturbe" (1860), and "A Song of Joys" (1860).

as the trees and animals do.That several of the most stoical poems of Whitman's antebellum career were

It also helps him stem anxieties about both his reputation and the direction of American democracy.

The Stoic Strain in American Literature. Ed. Duane J. MacMillan.

BurtonHatlen"Our Old Feuillage" (1860)"Our Old Feuillage" (1860)"Our Old Feuillage" was apparently written

would be eighty years), a phrase that Whitman changed to "eighty-third year of these States" in the 1860

The catalogue begins with a bird's eye perspective of the North American continent.

American Transcendentalist Quarterly ns 6 (1992): 189–211.Thomas, M. Wynn.

"Our Old Feuillage" (1860)

One would suppose the Kansian population to be a subject race, serfs, villeins—and their high and mighty

whether it be submitted to the inhabitants of that territory for their fiat, the great cause of American

But if slavery is put through under Buchanan, as it was under Pierce, the radical revolution in American

there—to be reprobated all over the North and West—and to be barred out indignantly from all fresh American

The first patterings of the tempest—the reveille —the portents of the coming battle—were to be seen and

Belohlavek, "John Tyler: The Accidental President," The Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007):

About six o'clock, we stepped over in front of the City Hall to see what was going on.

Smith The 1842-43 New York City Directory lists James M.

We presume respectable Americans would not grieve much were the "whole hog" Irish.

laufen, "to run," as "an idle man who seeks his living by sponging or expedients" (Noah Webster, An American

Belohlavek, "John Tyler: The Accidental President," The Journal of American History 93, no. 4 (2007):

Allen, The Tiger: the Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall (Addison–Wesley, 1993).; The 1842-43 New York City

=V000028; Whitman here is referencing Bishop John Hughes (1797–1864) who led the fight in New York City

Its Religious Discontents, 1805–1840," American Education History Journal 37, no. 2 (2010): 455–471.

Fiction [1841–1848]Short Fiction [1841–1848]Whitman's roughly two dozen short stories and vignettes were

Many of the stories were republished, with slight alterations, during the years Whitman spent working

on newspapers in New York City and Brooklyn.

The Shadow and the Light of a Young Man's Soul" concerns a man who is forced by poverty out of the city

into a rural teaching position—an experience Whitman had after the great fire of 1835 in New York City

Another 196 were bound in paper or boards.

One reason the copies of these books were distinct was because the printed gatherings were not bound

Two stages of what were probably B bindings were noted in December 1855 and January 1856; one of the

Several of the copies were offered for sale at stores in New York and Brooklyn after they were printed

Several of the reviews also were included in the 1860 pamphlet Imprints , produced and promoted by Thayer

But for a people three times in number what our forefathers were when the latter defied the proudest

The Americans were not "united" either, in '76; wealth and influential tories were numerous; but the

the advent of Yellow Jack, who has appeared in force at the Quarantine station five miles below the city

The heat has caused a considerable emigration of city people again to country place near by.

summer months in the Southern United States, particularly under humid conditions and in densely populated

cities.

Tammany Hall was a Democratic Party organization in New York City (Hon. William C.

Gover, The Tammany Hall Democracy of the City of New York [New York: Martin B. Brown, 1875], 5–6).

He was a Democrat and resided in New York City much of his life.

a master of procedure of the common law system ( Report of the Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the American

Meenagh, "Archbishop John Hughes and the New York Schools Controversy of 1840–43," American Nineteenth

.; Tammany Hall was a Democratic Party organization in New York City (Hon. William C.

Gover, The Tammany Hall Democracy of the City of New York [New York: Martin B.

.; Daniel Dudley Field II (1805–1894) was a lawyer and a long-standing influential member of the American

He was a Democrat and resided in New York City much of his life.

Sedgwick (1812–1868), who practiced law in New York City and served in the state legislature.; Likely

tractsBetween 1854 and 1860prosehandwritten2 leaves; The first manuscript leaf is written on the back of a City

Fredson Bowers, have generally assumed that Whitman used the Williamsburgh tax forms from 1857 to 1860

The city of Williamsburgh was incorporated with Brooklyn effective January 1855, so the forms would have

been obsolete after that date (Whitman's Manuscripts: Leaves of Grass [1860] [Chicago: University of

difficult to date conclusively, but it was almost certainly written after 1854 and probably before 1860

the greatest city in the whole world.

Where the city stands with the brawniest breed of orators and bards, Where the city stands that is beloved

city of the healthiest fathers stands, Where the city of the best-bodied mothers stands, There the greatest

city stands.

Were those your vast and solid?

Conrad M.Sienkiewicz"These I Singing in Spring" (1860)"These I Singing in Spring" (1860)"These I Singing

in Spring" was first published in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass.

American Studies 19.2 (1978): 5–22.Killingsworth, M. Jimmie.

The Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry. Austin: U of Texas P, 1979.Whitman, Walt.

"These I Singing in Spring" (1860)

In another part of the procession were Gov. Daniel D. Tompkins, Daniel D.

The time arrived, but still the gratings were not removed.

Hour after hour passed on, and still we were not released.

But about 10 o'clock that forenoon the gratings were removed.

until long after the usual hour were our rations delivered to us.

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

United States under President James Monroe (1817–1825).; DeWitt Clinton served as mayor of New York City

The monument to Major General William Jenkins Worth, a veteran of the War of 1812 and the Mexican-American

Monument was dedicated in 1843.; Dring's manuscript recollections of his experiences aboard the Jersey were

the greatest city in the whole world.

Where the city stands with the brawniest breed of orators and bards, Where the city stands that is beloved

city of the healthiest fathers stands, Where the city of the best-bodied mothers stands, There the greatest

city stands.

Were those your vast and solid?

(1860)"Fast Anchor'd Eternal O Love!"

(1860)Fredson Bowers speculates that this minor, six-line lyric was probably composed sometime between

The love of women is seen as "Fast-anchor'd" ("Primeval" in 1860) and "resistless," apparently in the

The Homosexual Tradition in American Poetry. Austin: U of Texas P, 1979.Whitman, Walt.

(1860)

Whitman's American admirers—William D.

Its members were mostly middle-class men; among them were two bank clerks, an accountant, two assistant

(Ordinary members were called "Waltlets.")

Traubel and her daughter, was created to advise the city and to appoint a curator of the house.

Papers of the American Bibliographical Society 51 (1957): 67–84, 167–169.

Brooklyn City Hospital in Raymond Street.—First Hospital Building in Hudson Avenue.

Gatherings were called in the churches, and subscriptions sought in every direction.

Institute," in American Paintings in the Brooklyn Museum: Artists Born by 1876 , ed.

Nichols, Robert Nichols, a former general, had helped establish the city hospital in 1839.

Of the charity patients, 173 were accidents sent by the city.

Magazine (September 17, 1916) and then in The Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman (Garden City

"; The Brooklyn City Hospital actually acquired its temporary accommodations on Hudson Avenue in October

Institute," in American Paintings in the Brooklyn Museum: Artists Born by 1876, ed.

Giles Limited, 2006), 13–25.; Robert Nichols, a former general, had helped establish the city hospital

The hospital eventually became the Brooklyn City Hospital.; Our transcription is based on a digital image

Year 85 of the States—1860-61. 1 vol., pp. 456.

His writings were neither poetry nor prose, but a curious medley, a mixture of quaint utterances and

people were to be enlightened and civilized and cultivated up to the proper standard, by virtue of his

How the floridness of the materials of cities shriv- els shrivels before a man's or woman's look!

The comedic works of François Rabelais (c. 1490-1553) were known for their risqué quality.

The comedic works of François Rabelais (c. 1490-1553) were known for their risqué quality.

official, and professor at Georgetown University, J[oseph] Hubley Ashton was one of the founders of the American

Harlan because Harlan had discovered, on or in Whitman's desk, Whitman's personal, marked copy of the 1860

Although he would eventually claim that his interventions on Whitman's behalf were all due to the promptings

At the height of the American romantic period, during a phase of literary emergence known as the American

After the American Revolution, romantic tendencies were nurtured by a realized political democracy, Protestant

The Romantic Foundations of the American Renaissance.

American Renaissance. London: Oxford UP, 1941.Pease, Donald.

"Organic Language Theory in the American Renaissance."

We Americans apply too fast.

At the 1992 Whitman Centennial Conference in Iowa City, four senior Whitman scholars were honored as

The lecture was entitled "American Literature and the American Language."

By the time Eliot delivered his address, there were two nineteenth-century American writers whose reputations

Bergland argues, "In American letters, and in the American imagination, Native American ghosts function

The Americans of all nations at any time upon the earth have probably the fullest poetical nature.

The largeness of nature or the nation were monstrous without a corresponding largeness and generosity

—As if it were necessary to trot back generation after generation to the eastern records!

The American poets are to enclose old and new for America is the race of races.

For such the expression of the American poet is to be transcendant and new.

Between 1827 and 1860 he published six volumes of poetry, nine books of sketches, and six volumes of

His prominence was such that Melville included Willis's name in a list of eight leading American authors

He was a significant advocate of American literary nationalism.

In response to Britain's refusal to offer American authors copyright protection, Willis founded the short-lived

American Literary Criticism, 1800–1860. Boston: Hall, 1979. Stovall, Floyd.

remember whether I said so to Chubb when he was here, but I know it was my feeling to say of our American

Since the war I have sat down contentedly, convinced that we were to be righted at last. Oh!

And not the most to this end is to come of the civilizee himself—the man of cities, knowing as he is,

and prosperous—for civilization, cities, are also a great curse.

I know in the armies the clearest-brained, cleanest-blooded, of all the soldiers—were the farmer-boys

Steven P.Schneider"Prairie-Grass Dividing, The" (1860)"Prairie-Grass Dividing, The" (1860)"The Prairie-Grass

such sweeping praise may have had a hand in the slaughter of the buffalo or the killing of Native Americans

describes in Democratic Vistas as "the counterbalance and offset of our materialistic and vulgar American

The Prairie in Nineteenth-Century American Poetry. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1994.Whitman, Walt.

"Prairie-Grass Dividing, The" (1860)