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Cluster: Chants Democratic and Native American. (1860) CHANTS DEMOCRATIC AND NATIVE AMERICAN.

to American persons, progresses, cities? Chicago, Kanada, Arkansas?

city stands.

American masses!

AMERICAN mouth-songs!

(1865), "To You [Whoever you are . . .]" (1856), "France, The 18th Year of these States" (1860), "Myself

and Mine" (1860), "Year of Meteors (1859–60)" (1865), and "With Antecedents" (1860).

These migrations cross physical expanses, such as the North American continent and the Atlantic ocean

Miller treats the cluster as the confrontation of the self—the paradigmatic American self Whitman offers

"The 'Paths to the House': Cluster Arrangement in Leaves of Grass, 1860–1881."

JonPanishRadicalismRadicalismWhitman's adulthood coincided with an extremely tumultuous time in American

From 1840 onward, politically active Americans like Whitman were energized and agitated not only by the

Disagreements over these and other issues contributed to the increasing fractiousness among Americans

in American democracy and his fear of disunion.

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994. 172-181.Reynolds, David S.

as to the comparative philo-progenitiveness—to use a Phrenologic term—of the native and emigrant population

The total population of the State is given as 1,132,369, of whom about one-sixth are foreign born.

The total number of marriages which took place during that year are stated at 12,829, of which 6,918 were

The native five-sixths of the population have only 15,947 children during the year, while the foreign-born

that my friend Kennedy has told you something of me and the work I am trying to do for you and for American

you in a depressed mood many times, saying that he finds a "solid line of enemies" (I think those were

I am just now delivering a course of lectures in the city on "The Literature of Democracy" concerning

In these I am trying to analyze certain tendencies of American Life somewhat in accordance with the principles

An acquantaince among the younger literary editors of the city warrants me in saying that there is much

William Sloane Kennedy (1850–1929) was on the staff of the Philadelphia American and the Boston Transcript

; he also published biographies of Longfellow, Holmes, and Whittier (Dictionary of American Biography

All of Laforgue's translations were later republished in the 1918 Nouvelle Revue Française edition, Walt

In their 1886 form, the Laforgue translations were published with the first French poems ever written

in vers libre , while the 1918 collection in which they were republished aimed to explode the singular

Roger Asselineau and Jacques Darras, who both taught American poetry in French universities.

14," in the 1860 edition of seem to be lost on all but one of the four translators.

SOME POETICAL COMPARISONS BETWEEN COUNTRY AND CITY.—THE OLD COUPLE ON SHELTER ISLAND.

Yet were we a coarse and unhewn structure of humanity without them.

I noticed large numbers of cows in the neighboring fields: were they hers?

Yes, they produced well; the apples were sold.

Divers fatting hogs, in the pens; they also were designed for market.

We stood upon the steps of the City Hall about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, and saw the passage of the

Thousands of people were gathered together in the Park to witness the scene.

First came a banner bearing the head of Washington, immediately after which were a body of firemen.

We question whether any city in the world can turn out a more manly set of young fellows.

Once make temperance a favorite and fashionable custom among the young men of our city, and the whole

.; The Washingtonians were an organization of reformed alcoholics, mostly made up of members of the working

Sisters': Class and Domesticity in the Washingtonian Temperance Movement, 1840–1850," The Journal of American

This manuscript is a draft of a poem published first in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass as number

On the back of this leaf is a draft of the poem "City of Orgies," first published in the 1860 edition

This manuscript is a draft of a poem published first in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass as number

It was likely written in the late 1850s.; This is a draft of a poem published first in the 1860 edition

Transcribed from digital images of the original.; On the back of this leaf is a draft of the poem "City

of Orgies," first published in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass as "Calamus" No. 18.

greatest city in the whole world. 5 The place where the great city stands is not the place of stretch'd

Where the city stands with the brawniest breed of orators and bards; Where the city stands that is beloved

city of the healthiest fathers stands; Where the city of the best-bodied mothers stands, There the great

city stands. 6 How beggarly appear arguments, before a defiant deed!

Were those your vast and solid?

1984)Collected Writings of Walt Whitman, The (1961–1984)In 1955, as Whitman scholars around the world were

as "probably the most difficult, gigantic, and problem-haunted undertaking in the whole field of American

To begin with, all but two of the nine versions of Leaves of Grass published in Whitman's lifetime were

Whole letters were published by Bucke in Calamus, which contains Whitman's letters to Peter Doyle, and

edited and published by Horace Traubel in 1904 as An American Primer.

politics, art or literature, we present here a finely-executed portrait of W ALT W HITMAN , the new American

publication of a superb edition of whose poems "Leaves of Grass" is bringing him permanently before the American

day and generation. was born in Brooklyn, Long Island, May 31, 1818, and is yet a resident of the "City

I rubbed my eyes a little to see if this sunbeam were no illusion; but the solid sense of the book is

In 1856 he issued another and somewhat enlarged edition, which were speedily disposed of.

publication into a shadowy existence that effectively obscured its place as a pioneering manifesto of American

In this text of the Preface, punctuation was normalized, and with Whitman's consent deletions were made

in the 1856 and 1860 editions of Leaves of Grass.

Now the time has come for the American bard to come forth and write the poetry of his nation and its

American Bard. The Original Preface to Leaves of Grass Arranged in Verse.

Phillips wrote a favorable review of Leaves of Grass for the New York Illustrated News (26 May 1860),

reprinted in the Saturday Press (30 June 1860).

laudatory poem, "Letter Impromptu" (1857), written in hexameters, appeared in Leaves of Grass Imprints (1860

American Notes and Queries 6 (1946): 51–53. Whitman, Walt.

teeming regions of the air swarm with bodiless ghosts—bodiless to human sight, because of their exceeding

The delicate ones bent their necks, and shook as if a chill blast had swept by—and white robes were drawn

gazed they saw a new companion of wondrous loveliness among them—a strange and timid creature, who, were

unbearable even to the deathless, must be tempered for the sight of any created thing, however lofty,) were

Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American Antiquarian Society.

"; Transcribed from digital images of an original issue held at the American Antiquarian Society.

He believes hugely in himself, and in the part he is destined to take in American affairs.

He appears, moreover, at intervals, to have wandered over the North American continent, to have worked

his way from city to city, and to have consorted liberally with the draff of men on bold and equal conditions

All I mark as my own, you shall offset it with your own, Else it were time lost listening to me.

All the stuff which offended American virtue is to be found here.

to his old habit, the poet spent an hour or more on the ferry, swinging pendulum-like between this city

The publishers were capital fellows.

I like the city itself exceedingly, and I think it will in a short time become a cosmopolitan city such

Don't ask me to class Philadelphia with Boston, New York, or the wide-awake Western cities.

I cannot class it with other cities, and you must not compel me to talk about it.

Others, it seems, were rarely reprinted at all.

The stories were soon circulated widely again since they were then reprinted, with the accompanying illustrations

were designated as having been authored by "W.

The Dollar Newspaper , "Pay of American Writers."

The publishers were likely more generous with well-known writers than they were with Whitman, but The

from Persian mysticism to nineteenth-century phrenological journals, the influences on Whitman's work were

English Writers Philadelphia Grigg and Elliot's 1841 1862-1888 New York City Volume now held in Library

loc.03428 Underlines and manicules The Vanity and the Glory of Literature The Edinburgh Review, American

These accompany Whitman's notes on ancient European and Asian populations.

History of the American Revolution Berrian, William An Historical Sketch of Trinity Church, N.Y.

The American Revolution seemed to prove that the universe was beneficent and historical conditions were

By 1860 discouraging political developments had transformed such optimism into a hope that was sometimes

with disease, poverty, and political disorder, casting doubt on earlier views that his enthusiasms were

electorate would eventually fulfill the promise of the American Revolution.

The American Adam. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1955.Matthiessen, F.O. American Renaissance.

The letters were purchased at auction by the Library of Congress.

They were written from July 1840, when Whitman was teaching school in Woodbury, Long Island, to late

1841, from New York City, and as such shed new light on Whitman's early years.

His ordeal ended when he left teaching for a journalism career in New York City.

American Literature 58 (1986): 342–360. Miller, Edwin Haviland, ed.

The entire population of Fezzan did not amount to 30,000.

the ruling race to be Berbers, who had dispossessed the original inhabitants, and the little band were

Under the protection of a caravan, the travelers set out southward for the great city of Kano, the emporium

Fields of Indian corn were numerous, and the habitations of the people improved in appearance.

such an event is by no means improbable in the course of a limited number of years, English and American

1872prose6 leaveshandwritten; This manuscript touches on the developing "distinctive metropolitan American

Character" of Washington, including the city's status as a literary center.

Portions of this manuscript were used in Washington as a Central Winter Residence and Authors of Washington

On the verso, in blue pencil, appears a note, reading "Drum Taps—City of Ships" which appears to be in

This may indeed have been a draft of the poem City of Ships, which first appeared in 1865 as part of

of references to the Civil War indicate that it was inscribed prior to the publication of the the 1860

My dear Sir, Some years ago when I had occasion to address you, you were so good as to say you should

The American agent to whom my last application for this was forwarded says: "I don't think there is an

not an edition between the the one set up by yourself in 1855 and that of Thayer & Eldridge dated 1860

was the Boston publishing firm responsible for the third edition of Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (1860

support of Common Schools in this State is $8,403,139, of which nearly one-half is expended in the cities

Referring to the American Almanac, we find that the sum expended annually in Massachusetts is $2,346,309

and 293 female; 100 private schools, and 46,000 children residing in the districts, 35,817 of whom were

There are 29,511 volumes in the school libraries of this city; 13 frame school houses, and 17 of brick

The cost per month per pupil in Kings County towns is given at 92 cents 9 mills, and in Brooklyn city

Belief in spirits formed the foundation of modern American spiritualism, a popular nineteenth-century

See Frank Luther Mott, "The Columbian Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine," in A History of American Magazines

Two of Whitman's stories were reprinted in the Eagle before he became the paper's editor in March 1846

it was reprinted under the title "A Spirit Record" in The Press (Philadelphia, PA) on January 20, 1860

A description of The American Historical Annual can be found in Joel Myerson's bibliography of Whitman's

Belief in spirits formed the foundation of modern American spiritualism, a popular nineteenth-century

moment.; See Frank Luther Mott, "The Columbian Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine," in A History of American

A Fact"), and "The Boy-Lover" (January 4–5, 1848; previously printed with the same title in The American

Two of Whitman's stories were reprinted in the Eagle before he became the paper's editor in March 1846

and Odd-Fellows' Literary Magazine 1.2 (May 1850), 63–64; "A Spirit Record," The Press, January 20, 1860

In 1860, Thayer and Eldridge advertised a forthcoming Whitman volume titled Banner at Day-Break (a foreshadowing

Camps To-day"), and a few copies of the first issue, a seventy-two-page volume with fifty-three poems, were

Drum-Taps and its twenty-four-page Sequel containing eighteen additional poems were bound together, and

Drum-Taps has no poems about slavery or African Americans, an omission that emphasizes Whitman's view

It sold fewer copies than the 1860 Leaves of Grass and received fewer reviews. Still, Franklin B.

LukeMancusoReconstructionReconstructionIn many ways, the Reconstruction years (1863–1877) were a time

A year later, American naturalist John Burroughs published the second Whitman biography, Notes on Walt

democracy and backward to the Civil War as the impetus for the growth of American promise.

Though recently critics have recovered the 1855 Leaves, the 1860 Leaves, Drum-Taps, Democratic Vistas

citizenship; and the Fifteenth Amendment (1870), which granted suffrage to African-American males.

The poem was first titled Poem of Walt Whitman, an American in the 1856 edition, and Whitman shortened

the title to Walt Whitman in 1860–1861.

and by, above, and My tongue can never be content with harness, below, make a connection with the 1860

The aesthetes were not long in reacting.

Though most of the pieces were written in conventional form, some of them were in free verse cut up so

He had thought he would be read, understood, absorbed by that American people, that American working

were to be found in America, they were millionaire Quakers from Philadelphia, and Mr.

It gives the notes, as it were.

Belgium," by Roger Asselineau, first appeared in Gay Wilson Allen, ed., Walt Whitman and the World (Iowa City

not grounded in our soil; even though American in their reference, they were foreign to our New World

were not the outgrowth of that new movement in civilization which America inaugurates.

Still the poet may be said to be more truly artistic than if he were more ostensibly so.

The Indian Hunter by John Quincy Adams Ward (1860) is a bronze sculpture of a young Native American hunter

and his dog noted for its naturalist style and its American theme.

The Indian Hunter by John Quincy Adams Ward (1860) is a bronze sculpture of a young Native American hunter

and his dog noted for its naturalist style and its American theme.

Emerson and Higginson—Waldo and Wentworth, as they were known to their friends—were two of the most formidable

In the turn the American Puritans then gave to it, these correlations were extended further from innerselftoouterself

When read in relation to their pre-1860 versions, the poet’s later revi- sions of the 1860 poems, in

Press, 1962); Stephen John Mack, PragmaticWhitman: Reimagining American Democ- racy (Iowa City: University

Tompkins, Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860 (NewYork: Oxford University

Although there were a variety of owners, publishers, and editors throughout the ears of publication,

American Literary Magazines: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.

Walt Whitman and the American Reader. New York: Cambridge UP, 1990.Mott, Frank Luther.

A History of American Magazines. 5 vols. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1938–1968.Myerson, Joel.

Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1921. Democratic Review

Philip W.LeonPerry, Bliss (1860–1954)Perry, Bliss (1860–1954) Bliss Perry was born in Williamstown, Massachusetts

The National Cyclopedia of American Biography. Vol. 46. 1893.

Perry, Bliss (1860–1954)

, and, though no one knows exactly "who's the next customer," it wouldn't be very surprising if it were

It wouldn't be bad if the originality were extended farther and wider.

I see that the Crescent City leaves here on the 2d of October, and is advertised to sail hence again

Thompson, leaves for New Orleans—via Havana, same as the Crescent City—on the 16th of October; passage

Zachary Taylor (1784–1850), a Southern slaveholder and a well-known American miltary leader in the Mexican-American

The Whigs were critical of the nation's expansion into Texas and of the Mexican-American War and favored

Ireland, Records of the New York Stage from 1750 to 1860 [New York: T. H.

Under his management, New York City's Bowery Theatre became a successful venue for American working-class

By 1845, Sefton had played Jemmy Twitcher 360 times in New York City.

Their laws of peace and war were barbarous and deplorable.

So little were mankind accustomed to regard the rights of persons or property, or to perceive the value

There were powerful Grecian States that avowed the practice of piracy; and the fleets of Athens, the

The Romans were a sublime band of cut-throats.

And it was the received opinion that Greeks, even as between their own cities and states, were bound

No files of this paper survive, but a few pieces were reprinted in the Long Island Democrat and thus

that would appear in Leaves of Grass with impressionistic essays of characters and places around the city

a paper that accepted advertising from slave traders and in every way catered to a slave-owning population

Emerson, Whitman, and the American Muse.

Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1921.____. Walt Whitman of the New York Aurora. Ed.

characterized as the finest in the country, and showed that when our extraordinary manufacturing facilities were

developed, that then and not till then would Brooklyn attain that commanding position in point of population

All our hopes and prospects were dependent upon a water supply, and the speaker was unwilling to permit

While we were about it, he went in for doing the thing up right.

Instanced Texas: Henry George's declaration that it could almost or quite feed the population of the

The directions were extremely simple.

Said nothing about the American piece. I forgot to ask. W. was rather cranky to-nighttonight.

Lincoln asked who you were, or something like that.

Lincoln did n'tdidn't say anything but took a good long look till you were quite gone by.

1860prosehandwritten1 leaf; Edward Grier suggests that this manuscript was probably written prior to 1860

sentiment between it and the initial line of No. 4 of the Thoughts cluster published first in the 1860

similar manuscripts that are numbered sequentially and probably date from around or before 1855: see "American

or clusters of poems, including "The States," "Prairies," "Prairie Spaces," "Prairie Babes," and "American

the late 1850s, it's possible that this last title is related to the Chants Democratic and Native American

cluster in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass.

I know a rich capitalist who, out of his wealth, built a marble church, the most splendid in the city

intended to scare away unrest The genuine m M an is not, as would have him, like one of a block of city

" in The American in October 1880.

–1861 , later called "Our Old Feuillage": "Encircling all, vast-darting up and wide, the American Soul

See Holloway, "A Whitman Manuscript," American Mercury 3 (December 1924), 475–480.

See Holloway, "A Whitman Manuscript," American Mercury 3 (December 1924), 475–480.

One passage seems to have contributed to the 1860–1861 poem that Whitman later titled "Our Old Feuillage

herself; Of Equality—As if it harmed me, giving others the same chances and rights as myself— As if it were

This manuscript was probably composed in the late 1850s or in 1860 as Whitman was preparing the 1860

It is a draft of No. 4 of the "Thoughts" cluster published first in the 1860 edition.

ownership);" the second line was published as "Thought (Of Equality);" and the third and fourth lines were

This manuscript was probably composed in the late 1850s or in 1860 as Whitman was preparing the 1860

It is a draft of No. 4 of the "Thoughts" cluster published first in the 1860 edition.

ownership);" the second line was published as "Thought (Of Equality);" and the third and fourth lines were

"; This manuscript is a draft of No. 4 of the "Thoughts" cluster published first in the 1860 edition

"; The third and fourth lines of this draft were published as "Thought (Of Justice).

painful and she slept very little This morning she was feeling a little easier Tell George that I am exceeding

Charles W.Mignon"I Hear America Singing" (1860)"I Hear America Singing" (1860)"I Hear America Singing

" appeared first in the 1860 (third) edition of Leaves of Grass as number 20 in "Chants Democratic" with

the first line "American mouth-songs!"

The songs they sing are those described in "Starting from Paumanok" (1860): the poems of materials that

"I Hear America Singing" (1860)

Carol M.Zapata-Whelan"For You O Democracy" (1860)"For You O Democracy" (1860)"For You O Democracy," written

between 1859 and 1860, is a well-known "Calamus" poem originally printed in the 1860 edition of Leaves

Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1994.Miller, James E., Jr. A Critical Guide to "Leaves of Grass."

Whitman's Manuscripts: "Leaves of Grass" (1860). Ed. Fredson Bowers. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1955.

"For You O Democracy" (1860)

C.D.Albin"Promise to California, A" (1860)"Promise to California, A" (1860)Whitman's "A Promise to California

" originally appeared as number 30 in the "Calamus" cluster of the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass and

promises to travel west and teach his fellow citizens about the vigorous camaraderie necessary for American

"Promise to California, A" (1860)

NarayanaChandran"Earth, My Likeness" (1860)"Earth, My Likeness" (1860)Published as "Calamus" number 36

in the third (1860) edition of Leaves of Grass, "Earth, My Likeness" acquired its present title in 1867

Minor Prophecy: Walt Whitman's New American Religion.

"Earth, My Likeness" (1860)

the novel, an "antiquarian"—an expert on local history in New York—relates the tale of a Native American

son, Wind-Foot, to main character Franklin Evans on the journey from rural Long Island to New York City

antiquarian prefaces the story with a warning about the detrimental effects of alcohol on Native Americans

The American Review was a monthly journal published in New York and edited by George H.

Stephen Rachman, " American Whig Review ," in Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia , 20.

.; Wesley Allen Riddle, "Culture and Politics: The American Whig Review, 1845–1852," Humanitas 8.1 (1995

): 44.; Riddle, "Culture and Politics," 46.; Stephen Rachman, "American Whig Review," in Walt Whitman

: An Encyclopedia, 20.; Riddle, "Culture and Politics," 48.; "Introductory," The American Review: A Whig

A Fact"), and "The Boy-Lover" (January 4–5, 1848; previously printed with the same title in The American

Two of Whitman's stories were reprinted in the Eagle before he became the paper's editor in March 1846