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Anderton, near Chorley
Lancashire, England
19. Dec 1891
Dear Walt,
Quite a beautiful day—clear & frosty—very pleasant & bracing after the wet
stormy weather we have had of late.—
The last two evenings I have been paying long-deferred visits to friends—Fred Wild1 & Sam
Hodgkinson2—with a
brief call on Hutton3 on Thursday.—All well & prospering fairly.
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I was at Johnston's4 too one evening—Tuesday I think I called too
on Nightingale5 & he is to come tomorrow morning (Sunday)
to spend the day here.
I have been quite unsettled as to business arrangements since I came home.—The offers I have received have been unsatifactory
to me & I have refused them. But I have practically decided on coming to terms on a basis which, though
far from satisfactory to me, may do provisionally.
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It is perhaps better so. For I know more clearly than I did the character of the men I have been dealing with, & the
nature of my position. And I can act accordingly.
I have been reading Carpenter's6 book "Towards Democracy,"7 &
like it much better than I expected. I feel impelled to write to him & should like to know him better
Lynch's8 book I have not read yet—beyond the first chapter.
I am clear of my cold again & feel pretty well. And all the friends are well I think.
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I have scarcely realized that Christmas is so close upon us. It will be over when you get this. I ordered some
cards & expected to get them in time
for the American Mail, but owing to some blunder I have not got them yet.
I am anxious to receive some better account of your health & condition than
that in your last postal.9
Copies of "Three Tales"10 received. I quite like the get up of the little book & am
very pleased to have it.
Love to Mrs. Davis11 & Warry12 & to yourself supremely.
Yours affectionately
J.W. Wallace
Correspondent:
James William Wallace
(1853–1926), of Bolton, England, was an architect and great admirer of
Whitman. Wallace, along with Dr. John Johnston (1852–1927), a physician in
Bolton, founded the "Bolton College" of English admirers of the poet. Johnston
and Wallace corresponded with Whitman and with Horace Traubel and other members
of the Whitman circle in the United States, and they separately visited the poet
and published memoirs of their trips in John Johnston and James William Wallace,
Visits to Walt Whitman in 1890–1891 by Two
Lancashire Friends (London: Allen and Unwin, 1917). For more
information on Wallace, see Larry D. Griffin, "Wallace, James William (1853–1926)," Walt
Whitman: An Encyclopedia, ed. J.R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings (New
York: Garland Publishing, 1998).
Notes
- 1. Fred Wild (d. 1935), a
cotton waste merchant, was a member of the "Bolton College" of Whitman admirers
and was also affiliated with the Labour Church, an organization whose socialist
politics and working-class ideals were often informed by Whitman's work. A
painter and scholar of Shakespeare, he was also a lively debater. With James W.
Wallace and Dr. John Johnston, Wild formed the nucleus of the Bolton Whitman
group. For more on Wild and Whitman's Bolton disciples, see Paul Salveson, "Loving Comrades:
Lancashire's Links to Walt Whitman,"
Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 14.2 (1996),
57–84. [back]
- 2. Sam Hodgkinson, a hosiery
manufacturer, was a friend of the architect James W. Wallace and the physician
Dr. John Johnston, both of Bolton, Lancashire, England (Johnston and Wallace,
Visits to Walt Whitman in 1890–1891 by Two
Lancashire Friends [London : G. Allen & Unwin, ltd., 1918],
104). [back]
- 3. Reverend Frederick Robert
Chapman Hutton (1856–1926) was the Vicar of St. George's Church, Bolton,
and St. Paul's, Astley Bridge. [back]
- 4. Dr. John Johnston (1852–1927)
of Annan, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, was a physician, photographer, and avid
cyclist. Johnston was trained in Edinburgh and served as a hospital surgeon in
West Bromwich for two years before moving to Bolton, England, in 1876. Johnston
worked as a general practitioner in Bolton and as an instructor of ambulance
classes for the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railways. He served at Whalley Military
Hospital during World War I and became Medical Superintendent of Townley's
Hospital in 1917 (John Anson, "Bolton's Illustrious Doctor Johnston—a man
of many talents," Bolton News [March 28, 2021]; Paul
Salveson, Moorlands, Memories, and Reflections: A Centenary
Celebration of Allen Clarke's Moorlands and Memories [Lancashire
Loominary, 2020]). Johnston, along with the architect James W. Wallace, founded
the "Bolton College" of English admirers of the poet. Johnston and Wallace
corresponded with Whitman and with Horace Traubel and other members of the
Whitman circle in the United States, and they separately visited the poet and
published memoirs of their trips in John Johnston and James William Wallace, Visits to Walt Whitman in 1890–1891 by Two Lancashire
Friends (London: Allen and Unwin, 1917). For more information on
Johnston, see Larry D. Griffin, "Johnston, Dr. John (1852–1927)," Walt
Whitman: An Encyclopedia, ed. J.R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings (New
York: Garland Publishing, 1998). [back]
- 5. Fred Nightingale was a clerk
and a member of the Bolton Fellowship of Whitman admirers. [back]
- 6. Edward Carpenter (1844–1929) was an English
writer and Whitman disciple. Like many other young disillusioned Englishmen, he
deemed Whitman a prophetic spokesman of an ideal state cemented in the bonds of
brotherhood. Carpenter—a socialist philosopher who in his book Civilisation, Its Cause and Cure posited civilization as
a "disease" with a lifespan of approximately one thousand years before human
society cured itself—became an advocate for same-sex love and a
contributing early founder of Britain's Labour Party. On July 12, 1874, he wrote for the first time to Whitman: "Because you
have, as it were, given me a ground for the love of men I thank you continually
in my heart . . . . For you have made men to be not ashamed of the noblest
instinct of their nature." For further discussion of Carpenter, see Arnie
Kantrowitz, "Carpenter, Edward [1844–1929]," Walt Whitman:
An Encyclopedia, ed. J.R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings (New York:
Garland Publishing, 1998). [back]
- 7. Towards
Democracy was a book-length poem expressing Carpenter's ideas about
"spiritual democracy" and how to achieve a more just society. The work was
influenced by Whitman's Leaves of Grass and the Bhagavad Gita, the work of Hindu scripture. [back]
- 8. Arthur Lynch
(1861–1934) was a writer and politician who served twice in the UK House
of Commons. Born in Australia to an Irish father and Scottish mother, Lynch was
educated at the University of Melbourne and worked as a civil engineer before
relocating to Galway, Ireland. During the Second Boer War, he raised an Irish
brigade that fought against the Crown; as a result, he was convicted of treason,
sentenced to death, and subsequently pardoned. Upon his release, Lynch attended
St. Mary's Hospital Medical School and became a general practitioner. Lynch
wrote prolifically in several genres, including fiction, poetry, and philosophy;
the "little book" alluded to in this letter may refer to Lynch's Modern Authors: A Review and a Forecast (London: Ward and
Downey, 1891). The book devotes much attention to Whitman, and Lynch writes that
Whitman "has the true poet's largeness of soul" but "lacks a little the singing
faculty, though the divine afflatus at his best carries him safely along" (41).
For more information on Lynch, see Stephen Due, "Arthur Lynch: Parliamentarian,
Physician and Author," Journal of Medical Biography 7.2
(May 1999), 93–99. [back]
- 9. As Whitman's most recent
correspondence with Wallace directly, prior to December 19, 1891, is dated November 15, 1891, it seems likely that Wallace is
referring to Whitman's letter to Dr. John Johnston dated December 1, 1891, in which Whitman stated that he was in "bad &
depress'd physical condition night & day—no hour without
suffering...." Whitman frequently addressed both Johnston and Wallace in his
letters to either; see, for example, his postal card sent to Johnston dated December 10, 1891, in which he enclosed copies of
"the new complete" Leaves of Grass for both men as
Christmas presents. [back]
- 10. Ellen O'Connor hoped to
publish a collection of her late husband's fiction. Three of William D.
O'Connor's stories with a preface by Whitman were published in Three Tales: The Ghost, The Brazen Android, The Carpenter (Boston and
New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1892). Whitman's preface was also
included in Good-Bye My Fancy (Philadelphia: David McKay,
1891), 51–53. [back]
- 11. Mary Oakes Davis (1837 or
1838–1908) was Whitman's housekeeper. For more, see Carol J. Singley,
"Davis, Mary Oakes (1837 or 1838–1908)," Walt
Whitman: An Encyclopedia, ed. J.R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings (New
York: Garland Publishing, 1998). [back]
- 12. Frank Warren Fritzinger
(1867–1899), known as "Warry," took Edward Wilkins's place as Whitman's
nurse, beginning in October 1889. Fritzinger and his brother Harry were the sons
of Henry Whireman Fritzinger (about 1828–1881), a former sea captain who
went blind, and Almira E. Fritzinger. Following Henry Sr.'s death, Warren and
his brother—having lost both parents—became wards of Mary O. Davis,
Whitman's housekeeper, who had also taken care of the sea captain and who
inherited part of his estate. A picture of Warry is displayed in the May 1891
New England Magazine (278). See Joann P. Krieg, "Fritzinger, Frederick Warren (1866–1899),"
Walt Whitman: An Encyclopedia, ed. J.R. LeMaster and
Donald D. Kummings (New York: Garland Publishing, 1998), 240. [back]