Title: Henry 8th
Creators: Walt Whitman, Unknown
Date: Undated
Whitman Archive ID: loc.03407
Source: The Charles E. Feinberg Collection of the Papers of Walt Whitman, 1839–1919, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Transcribed from digital images of the original item. Versos of all pages feature the same "City of Williamsburgh" stationery as pictured for surface 2, each with a number written in an unknown hand. For a description of the editorial rationale behind our treatment of the marginalia and annotations, see our statement of editorial policy.
Contributors to digital file: Lauren Grewe, Ty Alyea, Nicole Gray, and Matt Cohen
Henry 8th—1509–1546
Under Mary, nearly 300 persons were burnt, for religious heresies |
Edward 6th, (9 years old) 1546–1553
Mary—1553–1558—(Lady Jane Grey executed)
entree upon Royalty greeted with popular joy
She, with Parliament, [illegible] established the reformed religion,—superseding the papal Roman Catholic
1568 (Mary Stuart fled to England, and was imprisoned by Elizabeth.)
Execution of Duke of Norfolk for conspiring against the royalty of Elizabeth
1586—Mary Stuart executed
Philip of Spain, bigoted Catholic,
(Revolt of Netherlands)—which
the English assisted) proceed
to invade England—got up
the "Invincible Armada."
—Spain then perhaps the
—English triumph—and defeat and
dispersal of the Spaniards.—
Earl of Essex in great favor (he 30, and Elizabeth 60, years of age,)
—the English turn the tables upon Spain—
—Irish rise, under Earl of Tyrone—
Essex goes to subdue them, but
fails—returns home—misbehaves—
is arrogant and disobedient—
plots to get command of the
palace and ^the queen's person—
—tries to arouse the Londoners
in his behalf—no go—is
arrested, tried, condemned—
[es co?] has the horrors—confesses—
—(here—the romantic despair
of Elizabeth,— who has to
sign the death‑warrant—
Essex is beheaded.— Elizabeth
now rapidly fails,—her heart
is broken—she falls fell into
a half‑stupid condition,
broken by spasms—died, aged
70—in the 45th year of her reign.
—The greatest strength, progress, material wealth, and literary glory of England, date from her reign.—
Sir Walter Raleigh, the beginner of Virginia, Spenser, Shakespeare, Bacon, Hooker, and others.—
(came acceptably to the people) Gunpowder plot— to blow up Parliament— Parliament to meet Nov. 5 1605 —Guy Fawkes seized
The sagacity with which the king had discovered the plot had raised the public opinion of him—
1612
Yet afterward the folly with which he gave himself up to his favorites undeceived the nation
—The episode of Sir Walter Raleigh—
—who had long been imprisoned in the
Tower—his voyage for the "gold mine"
in Guiana (South America,)—his return
and execution—
Villiers' (Buckingham) romantic expedi‑
tion to Spain)
Wars against Spain, and Germany—
—misfortunes—death—1625
—
(In due time, Rebellion, War, the Parliament until)
(now athe great moral, social, and political commotion is aroused in the [illegible] minds of men —that has had such dark fortunes and bright fortune——that cannot cease— and has come down to our times—
In want of funds, Charles tries to raise them on his own prerogative ^[ship money?], &c.—which deeply offends the Commons—
War against France
Crisis between Charles and the Parliament—he dissolves it— they adopt an address, in strong language—
Buckingham assassinated
1629—Charles makes peace— he now takes Wentworth (afterward Earl of Strafford,) and Lord Archbishop of Canterbury into power and friendship
—cause of popular rights against royalty—
—Trouble in Scotland, on
religious grounds—the
king still arbitrary—and
the new—parliament dissolved for
not giving in to his
desires—the episode, etrial,
and execution of Strafford—
—the rising in Ireland [of?]
the Roman Catholics, —the
mur ^indiscriminate slaughter of many
thousand Protestants—the
appearance gro sterner
and sterner visage of
the public—the
developement of the republican
spirit, its appearance
in speeches and pamphlets—
—the high liberal tone (1641)
in Parliament—the
inconceivable arrogance and
rashness of Charles, who
going in person to the House
of Commons to arr seize
those who had spoken
against him—his then
his retraction and ^various ignomin‑
ies—then open rupture
between the king and Parlia‑
ment—war (1642)—the
designations of the two
sides, Cavaliers and
Roundheads—the queen
arriving from Holland with
[re?] help in men and
money to help the king—
the peo body of the English
people declaring for the
Parliamentary side—the
first campaign—Hampden
killed—Lord Falkland also—
—the ^national Parliament becoming
republican—the a
counter parliament called held
by the king at Oxford—
—hostilities renewed—(1644)—
—the deputation of two
thousand women to the
national Parliament,
vehemently demanding "Peace"—
—the battle of Marston-
Moor, the beginning of the
downfall disasters of Charles ——
——the Scotch having [joined?] the
Parliamentary army,—and
Oliver Cromwell now
[moving?] up, ^app advancing a victorious militaire— —the trial
and execution of Land—
—puritanism brought
forward—the battle of
Naseby, (June 14, 1645)
the gr a ^the ^a decisive victory
of the Parliament army—
and last attempt of
the king—the retreat to
Oxford—the king's resolve
to give himself up to
the Scotch—they give him
up to the Parliaments,—
receiving 400,000 £—
Cromwell coming forward,
stronger and stronger—
—the army b becoming the
state, the controlers of power,—
—divisions among the
victors—Cromwell
seizing pow command,
through his popularity
with the soldiers—
his summary treatment
of all who stood out
against him—the last
struggles between of the
Commons and against the army
junction of and Cromwell—
with and—the Independents—
"Pride's Purge"—Cromwell
in possession—the
kings trial brought, to trial,
dejected, shorn deprived of all
the insignia of royalty,
to but dignified—the
lesson, the ^stern triumph of the people—
—the execution of
Charles, Jan. 30, 1648—
—Cromwell in Ireland,
against the risen Cath‑
lics, his sweeping vic success and
severity there—^young Charles 2d
in Scotland, and the people for him——Cromwell
in Scotland, victorious—
—his rapid movements ^back—
the his victory at
Worcester—the new rule
soon prevailing in all
parts of Great Britain—war with Holland—
—English naval victories combat under Blake—Dutch
under Van Tromp—
—the petition of the
army to Parliament for
old arrears of pay—
anger ^and refusal of Parliament—Cromwells
marching to Parliament and
clearing the House—a
new one called, in
Cromwell's interest—they
resign power to
Cromwell—he is declared
Protector, (Dec. 16, 1653)
—Gen. Monk—adminis‑
trative wisdom of
Cromwell—his home
and foreign movements
successful—refuses
the title of king, offered
him by Parliament (1657)—
retains that of "Lord
Protector"—the great illustrious
name England had now
[illegible][gained?] upon the seas—
death of Blake,—(1657)
—death of Cromwell,
(Sept. 23d 1658,)—the
Richard Cromwell, his
son, is placed in
the Protectorship—his feebleness ^and withdrawal—
—the Commonwealth
rapidly falls to pieces—
—Monk and Fairfax
agree to the restoration
of Charles 2—^—the occurrence of that
event, May 8, 1660—
—the inglorious marks
of the reign—the
disinterment and defilement
of the dead bodies of
Cromwell, Bradshaw,
Ireton, [Dorislaus,?]
May, Pym, Blake,
and of Cromwell's mother
and of his daughter—
the ^beheading of Sir Henry Vane and, hanging of Covenanters,
(1661)—the king's secretly
selling himself to the
French, (Louis 14th)—the
Plague in London—the
triumphant contest between of the Dutch,
under the Prince of
Orange against the
English and French—
—the general war, (1676)
in the Low Countries in
Spain, Sicily, the Upper
and Lower Rhine, in Sweden,
in the German Provinces,
in the Mediterranean, the
Ocean, and the Baltic sea
—Charles receivedal ^of large
subsidies from Louis 14th—
—treaty ^of Peace with the Dutch States
General——marriage of Prince of Orange
marries with Mary, —daughter of
the Duke of York, Charles's
brother,—the popish Titus Oates plot—
—the Catholic and Protestant
fury raging in the government—
the Duke of York's influence
strongly for the Catholics,
making him very unpopular
with the people—
—the continued turmoil,
troubles, [religious?] ^restlessness and fears
of the people—the
Commons passing a
bill ^(1679) (1680) to cut off the
Duke of York from
the Succession, —but
the king refuses to
sancti confirm it—
further supplies from
Louis 14th—the Commons
indignant against the
Duke of York and
the dan alarmed at
the pending danger from
Roman Catholic supremacy—
— ^—the Habeas Corpus act passed— the Rye House Plot—
the exposure, ^trial, and conviction of many
noblemen—the torture
applied—the Earl of
Bedford offering 100,000£.
to save his son's life—
—the public mind more
and more inflamed ^and feverish,— and suspicious—
—the death of Charles
2d, (Feb. 6, 1685—James
2d in assumes power, now king,— (the ^previous Duke
of York,)—attends mass
in public—receives
money from Louis 14th—
Monmouth's rebellion
ass rebellion and
assumption of the
title of king—his
defeat and execution—
—several numerous executions for
heresy,— or rebellion,
or harboring religious
malcontents—some,
for those offences, sent
as sold as slaves to
the Wes American
planta the West Indies—
Elizabeth Gaunt, an aAnabaptist, burnt
at Tyrburn,—for religious
offences——
—introduction of —the Roman Catholic forms introduced in public—great public—the national anger—the Prince of Orange called by many invited to come to England and assume power— his landing in England, (Nov. 6, 1688,)—all the abandonment of James, who and his withdrawal, powerless to France, (Dec. 25, '88)—the reign of William and Mary, (—the attempt of James in Ireland and of his adherents in Scotland—William soon eventually puts them both down—a—the warlike years the active '90 '91 '92 and '93 '9[illegible] and '94—from '90 to '96 98— ^—the death of the queen—the active movements of William on land and sea—
(? in Literature) |
—death of William,
(March 8, 1702—accession
of Queen Anne—the
Earl of Marlborough—
the war with Spain—
the peace——the ^complete
junction of Scotland and England
by the Act of Union,
(March 4, 1707,)—the
attempt of the Pretender
in Scotland—the
war with France—
Prince Eugene—Peace
with France, (1713)
—death of Queen
Anne, (Aug. 1, 1714)—
accession of George
1st——the feeble conspiracies some attempts
to for the restoration
of the Stuarts—
—the Pretender in Scotland,
with an army—his defeat
and flight—the Triple
Alliance ^treaty between England,
France, and Holland,
(Dec. 1716,)—the
movements of Charles
12th of Sweden—the
king's continual visits
to his own [country?],
Hanover, Germany—
the South Sea Scheme—
Walpole in power—
Dean Swift—Death
of George 1st, (June 11,
1727,),—and accession
of George 2d—
Queen Caroline—the
king prefers being in
Hanover—Maria
Theresa in Germany—
—no remarkable
events to 1740—Frederick
the Great, in Prussia—
—the [invasion?] attempt of
"the young Pretender,"
(1743, '44, to '45 6) in Scotland—
—his defeat and flight—
^—death of Philip 5th of Spain
—^the spirit of trade and internal
[int?] improvement begin
are thought of attended
encouraged by appears in Parliament,
and in its bills, (1750,)
^—political essays, newspapers,—"Constitutional Queries"—
—the "old styles" of dates
is abandoned, and the
Gregorian calendar
substituted—improvements
and inventions arise—
printing increases—
schools—War with
France, (1755,)—Admiral
Byng—(1758) various
military and naval operations in America—
—(1759) events in Battle of Quebec,— Wolfe killed,— the English taking the city—George 2d suddenly dies,— (Oct. 25, 1760,)— accession of George 3d—British operations in India—notwithstanding the wars that [prevailed?]—trade commerce advancing with rapidity —the o ranks of merchants, working artisans, traders, and mechanics, becoming more and more important— the Press ^—arts, music, painting &c.——in the F great subtle and W witty French writers, Voltaire, Rousseau, Voltaire—the French Academy— Encyclopedia —Francais—
America rising ^taking place in
the ^political considerations
of Europe—Russia
appearing also—
William Pitt—
Lord Bute—the
peace of 1763—Great
Britain now in
general possession
of North America,—
as col—the
British national
debt, 148,000,000 £.—
—the first mutterings
of the American troubles
—the stamp act, (1765)
—contest of Wilkes
with the Court—Hyder
Ali's is rising in Asia—
—the contest between
Wilkes and the Court
party—(1765, '70, '71,)—
—grea (tr). (the idea of
benevolent reforms dates
from these times—
many barbarous la
criminal laws are
repealed or modified)—
—the affairs of Poland
—that kingdom dismem‑
bered and divided among
Russia, Germany, ^and Prussia—
—the tea‑tariff,—for
America—the resistance
of Boston, (1774)—
Congress—Colonial
delegates appointed
chosen, and convene
in Philadelphia—the
emeutes of Concord, ^and Lexington,
the and battle of Bunker Hill,—(1775)
—the union of the
Colonies,—no appearance
of retraction on the
part of the English
ministry—the session
of the Colonial Congress
in Philadelphia,—
—Jefferson, Adams,
Franklin, and the
rest—and finally the
drawing up and passing,
the on the 4th of July,
1776, the Declaration
of Independence, and
the outset of the
United States of
America as a nation
(With reference to territories, movements, conflicts of jurisdiction, and t affairs with the aborigines, [A?] the reader must recollect that at that that time, of course ^there existed none of the geographical divisions now regularly marked, as the lines of the State of New York, &c. New York New Netherlands, and New York after it, consisted of the tract of Manhattan Island, Staten and Long Islands, the adjacent shore, (now ^of New Jersey,) and certain tracts up the Hudson, to Albany.—
—The Indian war with the aboriginal tribes, much blood shed—quite serious— (under Kieft's governorship,) —this war raged seriously on Long Island)
This War (1643–'4) was a serious one, and raged much of the scene of it being Long Island, and even in Brooklyn.— The colonists were in great jeopardy, many of their boweries (farms) were dest destroyed, and men and women forced to flee to Fort Amsterdam for protection.—
By the terms of Stuyvesant's capitulation the free trade to Holland was secured, the Dutch Reformed Religion war not to be infringed upon in any way, and the Dutch law of inheritance was maintained, giving an equal inheritance to all the children.
1664
at this time Brooklyn was an ample collection of Boweries, (farms,) with the nucleus of houses, hostelries, stores, &c. ^near the ferry, and on on the street leading down to it.— Some Many of the ho farm‑houses were ^of brick, large and comfortable, and covered with tiles brought from Holland.—
Between Virginia and the New Netherlands an amicable feeling always existed.—
A Royal Charter, under Charles 2d conveyed donated a great extent of territory (named New York, in honor of the donee,) to James, Duke of York, afterwards James 2d.— (For the English had always claimed, (as see back on other slip)
James also purchased the all up all prior grants, especially that of Lord Sterling to Long Island,)
1666 Aug.
James dispatched three ships, with six hundred soldiers, which, after stopping in Massachusetts, and receiving a cold reception, proceeded to Manhattan.—
Of the ten counties ^constituting the colony province under the first Dougan's charter Sloughter (1691) (1683) Long Island formed three.—
During Under the Dutch and early English Governors there was no printing,— the English authority expressly prohibiting it as calculated to stir up the people, and endanger jeopardize the established rulers
Missionaries went among the aborigines, to instruct them, and make them religious.—
—James 2d, (him whom the name of the city of New York ^still commemorates,) in his instructions to the Royal Governors, introdu (1685–'89) specially commanded them to prohibit the prevent the introduction of printing presses, and the establishment of newspapers in their the colonies.— This was ^equally the sentiment ^wish of ^William and Mary, and of other of the monarchs after him them.—.—
—In the One clause in the Royal instructions provisions for the government of the Province of New Jersey, (1702) was that no printing press, nor the printing of any book or pamphlet was to be allowed, without the a special license from the king's Governor
Pirates, Buccaniers, and privateersmen were not wanting among the visitors to these parts parts—and even pirates, prop under thin disguise, came here—to buy sell and sell buy.—.— All tThese spent their money freely,— and the times were indulgent toward their kind of life; great ^European princes were in the same line, on a larger scale.— The seas were at times infested with these rovers[;?]; but ^though, to do them their [weaponry?] justice, most of them robbed without bloodshed.— In New York, Capt. Kidd ^(1700) was well known, and not unpopular
Of the those jealous contests and fears of other usurping parties, making settlements, it is now clear that the true policy to have been pursued ^by each settlement was not to have helped and supported every other settlement, English, Dutch, Swedish, French, or what not—; for that would have contributed to the general future prosperity of all of any of the rest—and there was oceans of room for all.—These Those Of the Bickerings and ^little [a?] fights that greatly retarded the growth of the colonies—
For the first ^forty or fifty years of the colony's existence, Brooklyn was its most important portion.—part— tT southern island of Manhattan was ^mostly sterile, and had a merely served for the a rude fort on its southern point and a few trade‑huts.— on its near by.— under their protection.— It was the place of business only
The Revolution grew out of the determination of the Colonies not to submit
1633 Walter Van Twiller, (appointed Governor in place of Minuits) brought out from Holland an hundred and four soldiers, a schoolmaster, and a clergyman—All this time, however, and for some year the principal thought of those who had control of affairs was not settlement for good, but trade and gain.— The exports from the colony Fort Amsterdam, for the year, amounted to $57,000
See page 16—(vol 2) Appendix |
Co‑equal The Dutch element in America clustering around Brooklyn, where it first definitely rooted began, and ^it first struck its roots in the soil of the New World, is co‑equal with the two elements of the Plymouth Puritan and the Virginia Cavalier, and in several important points respects the first Dutch [member?] ^ first‑named takes precedence of the other two.—It is now to be seen in
^To‑day and henceforth in the United States, The results of it are ^first as strong in their character, their politics, and their personnel, of the present day a[illegible]s as the results of the other two; though ^but, for certain reasons, they are the Dutch is of a kind, to make far less likely, for certain reasons, to celebrate themselves itself less in speeches and in literature.—
The non‑protection by law of French Protestants, through—The revocation of the Edict of Nantes, (1685,) which and the non‑protection of Fre sent numerous emigrants to America, to New York among the rest &—many settling on Long Island.—
—and needed not the support consent of a wavering and ignorant multitude."—
The West India Company was largely concerned in the slave trade, and at various times, (1610–'608) African slaves were imported in larger or smaller lots into Breukelyn and the other portions of the colony.— These slaves, however, mostly belonged to the West India Company; and it is certain there was, from the first, a number of the inhabitants immigrants, both from Holland and England, who looked with sternness and disfavor on the traffic.—
The American Revolution ante‑dates through the whole range of the first half or three‑quarters of a century that preceded it—the affair of Leisler ^(1691)—the ^printer of the "Weekly Journal," (1735)—the trial of its printer, John Peter Zenger— the celebrated speech ^upon that occasion of the aged ^and eloquent Hamilton, promulging among the people of the province, in the most an open and a determined manner, the most
radical doctrines of popular right, and the freedom of the press, and all the mainn reservations ^(never old, never new,) of individual freedom, against the invasions of the crown, unscrupulous power, or its deputies—these were so much nutriment and so much light to prepare the way for the rebellion of '76.— It is a fact, also, that from the year 1700 onward, the party substantitial party which which, gave
birth to, ^after giving birth to it, ^first embodied, con‑ tinued on, and has handed down to this day, that a a firm and coherent theory of [equa?] radical democratic government which is ou at last the ^national characteristic of the United States, had its existence in New York.—only;; and that, while individual specimens of prominent talent, on that side, appeared at various times, especially about the era of the Revolution, a substanctial conscientious Democratic Party, arising arising as before said, about the year 1700 and bequeathing
the keeping of up the its watch‑
fires year after year,
through good fortune and
bad fortune, for the
best part of a century,
is not found to be found
any where in the
cColonies except here
in New York.—
In [running?] list of events do not forget the France under the reign of Louis 13th, ^Anne of Austria Louis, 14th and ^Louis 15th